vol01.pdf

ENCYCLOPEDIA

TAEKWON-DO

GEN. CHOI HONG HI

VOLUME |

TABLE OF CONTENTS

(MOKCHA)

PREFACE (MORIMAL):, г; asscevers sisters ва слеза RE WRU в аа 7

TAEKWON-DO AND IMITATORS .............-.0-0-0 024 10

CHARTER OF TAEKWON-DO (TAEKWON-DO HUN JANG) ......... 12

TENETS OF TAEKWON-DO (TAEKWON-DO JUNGSHIN).... 0.2.2... 14

EXPLANATION OF TENETS 334 65 SSS Se SSR GE SR eee ecm ent 15

SONG OF TAEKWON-DO (TAEKWON-DO МОВАЕ).............. 18

DEFINITION: OF TAEKWON-DO. га ка cae oe em ER паи 21

ANCIENTMAP: OF:SKOREAw2'23; 200059 SS На SE GAUSS Ble cere cons 24

THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE MARTIAL ARTS......... 26

HISTORY OF TAEKWON-DO (7TAEKWON-DO YOKSA) ............ 38

MORAL CULTURE (JUNGSHIN SOOYANG) .... 0.0.0.0... ees 45

TAEKWON-DO AND PHYSICAL FITNESS ...... 2.0... 05004 ee 69

TAEKWON-DO AND MENTAL EFFECT............... 2000002 73

ADVANTAGES OF TAEKWON-DO... 2. 2. we ee ee 76

TRAINING SECRET OF TAEKWON-DO..............-....... 80

STUDENT/INSTRUCTOR RELATIONSHIP (SAJE JI ВО) osc wwmsza ws ee Bl

IDEAL: INSTRUCTOR sisi 4 ее. oe ое ee cee # .. 87

PHILOSOPHY OF TAEKWON-DO (TAEKWON-DO CHUL HAK) sie ae ни 88

SYSTEM OF RANK (DAN GUPJEDO) isis os ра BK BERRA HRS 91

CRITERIA FOR GRADE AND DEGREE ‚..,.,.,.,.,........., 93

VEGI (SIMSAL cova on eaves oe eeeG SH sue Gm sea Me HEE 96

TRAINING SCHEDULE (SOORYON GEHEK PYO). RG HESS BY Bec 110

CLASSIFICATION OF INSTRUCTOR. .... rie TOTEM GR SAN 123

CLASSIFICATION OF UMPIRE (SIMPAN JONGYU) 9 SAVE ЗН ЗИ 124

COMPETITION (KYONG.GO) is хх S82 BE А GEE SRG зоне 128

RULES FOR COMPETITION (KYONG G/ KYU JONG) . не ЗУ 130

DEMONSTRATION (S/BUM) ................... ate Tare. 90

РАТТЕЯМ (OL) хоро за 2 oe WM и OE ER SR EE ES 154

SPARRING (MATSOG/) ... ee ee 161

SELF-DEFENSE TECHNIQUES (HOS/INSOOL) ............ 162

COMPOSITION OF TAEKWON-DO (TAEKWON-DO GOOSONG) ..... 236

ABOUT THE AUTHOR ...-., ee ree ome ecanengge вуз ESETRGR Bee eREANGRe EB 241

GROUP PHOTOS: wes oe een nu omeres ве ESM tke RE OR aR 264

INDEX: хоз а ии 6 HR EM SD EE ORR нони а 283

GEN. CHO! HONG HI

President

International Taekwon-Do Federation

Taekwon-Do in Korean Character

PREFACE (Morimal)

Words are inadequate to describe my feeling of jubilation on the day that

Taekwon-Do was born, but at the same time | was assailed by doubts and

apprehensions. How many people would actually come to recognize and

understand Taekwon-Do during my life-time? It seems as though this

happened only yesterday, and yet many years have passed and today

Taekwon-Do is not only an official activity of CISM (Council of International

Sport Military) but it is under consideration for inclusion in the International

Olympic Games. All of this has made me realize once again that the days travel

with the speed of a flying arrow and the years flow like an irreversible river, but

most significantly, italso proves that determination and faith can overcome any

obstacle.

All things are governed by the law of Yin and Yang (dark and light) ...

happiness can often stem from catastrophic moments. My painful experiences

of degradation and humiliation, when the Japanese colonization of Korea

reduced me to a person without a country, inspired me to learn Taekwon-Do. |

was further motivated by my desire to preserve and spread the spirit and

wisdom of the Korean people to the world.

Needless to say, Taekwon-Do could not possibly have achieved the status

it enjoys today without the tears of silent agony shed by the pioneers of

Taekwon-Do who strove against all odds to introduce their art to the world.

Retrospectively, my troubles began soon after the formation of the

Republic of Korea Armed Forces. Despite fierce opposition from my col-

leagues, | succeeded in introducing Taekwon-Do as a compulsory course in

the army curriculum.

| was repaid with jealousy, slander and finally oppression. As a result, my army career came to an abrupt end. This was merely a prelude for what was to follow. The civilian gyms practicing Dang Soo-Do (Karate-Do) and Kong

Soo-Do (Karate-Do) saw Taekwon-Do as a possible threat.

They reacted with bitter criticism. It is no wonder that these people, in 7

whom a sense of nationalism is totally lacking, still hold а grudge against me.

The incredible popularity of Taekwon-Do, in Korea as well as abroad, rapidly

drove the practitioners of inferior martial art forms out of business.

My obsession with Taekwon-Do further led me to stand firm against the

desire of corrupt government officials who wanted to use Taekwon-Do as a

political instrument to strengthen their dictatorship. My outspoken criticism of

the south Korean government—both then and now—has been frequently

misinterpreted, making me appear as an enemy of my own people.

Taekwon-Do soon secured its international reputation for being both

superior and different from the Karate that had previously been dominating the

world of martial arts. This rivalism naturally added other names to my ever-

increasing list of enemies.

In summation, my life has been a turbulent one, riddled with lonely fights

and unfortunate adventure that few would envy ... a life of self-exile thousands

of miles distant from my beloved country. Even so, it has truly been a

worthwhile endeavor.

My dream has at last been realized... the ultimate fantasy of spreading and

teaching Taekwon-Do with no regard to considerations of religion, ideology,

national boundaries, or race. | can say without hesitation that | am the happiest

man alive.

It is my earnest desire that Taekwon-Do should retain its original concept

and technique. It is my sincere hope that Taekwon-Do’s emphasis оп

promoting a healthier body and mind will provide a significant contribution to

human progress for many generations to come.

It is one of nature’s ironies that delicate plants such as orchids or tulips

require extreme care while weeds flourish with no attention at all. Wild panic

grass, easily mistaken for wheat or rice, can actually prevent the growth of the

genuine article. | cannot help but despair over the tainted image of Taekwon-

Do recently created by practitioners of sham Taekwon-Do, who have nothing

in common with the origin and art form except for a borrowed name.

| console myself with this thought: Like a counterfeit diamond that cannot

cut glass, fradulent Taekwon-Do is appearance without substance and like a

summer shower that quickly dries from the earth or a hurricane that rapidly

passes from the sky, phoney Taekwon-Do practitioners and imitators cannot

endure. К exists solely on the strength of political influence and is totally

devoid of fundamental philosophy or technique based on logic. As such, it is

destined for an early exist. The issue lies in our ability to differentiate between

the true and the false.

| wish to dedicate this Encyclopedia, ... the last product of my life-long

research ... to my students in the hope that it will assist them in their pursuit of

true Taekwon-Do.

| give special thanks to all instructors and black belt holders of many

countries who have posed for photographs within this edition.

My sincere appreciation also goes to Mr. Han Chang Sam and my beloved

student Sabree Salleh who willingly gave up much of their valuable time for

photographing required for this edition.

The author and the author's son Choi Joong Hwa and Master Park Jung Taek

with his wife Glenda Park conduct a last minute review in the preparation

of this encyclopedia.

TAEKWON-DO AND IMITATORS

Today, the enormous popularity of Taekwon-Do has created imitators,

and whilst at times imitation is the sincerest form of flattery, in the case of

Taekwon-Do this is definitely not true. To imitate without full knowledge of

the original is dangerous. It is somewhat akin to allowing a child to play with a

toy gun, then giving him a real gun and expecting the child to understand the

difference without giving him the knowledge of the function and effect of a real

gun.

In most instances of imitation, the imitator simply mimics the original

without any change. Usually, this does not cause any harm provided the one

who imitates does not change the original (in this case Taekwon-Do) by

unproven additional techniques, interpretations, philosophy, terminology or

systems and methods.

It is when unauthorized changes to the original art of Taekwon-Do take

place that these imitators create a highly dangerous and eroding influence

upon the concept of Taekwon-Do.

Dangerous, because it gives to the students of the imitators a sense of

mastery of techniques which are completely unfounded in the knowledge of

the true martial art of Taekwon-Do.

Dangerous, because a student may become a teacher and all unknowingly

imparts his false techniques to others, thus compounding the error of false

knowledge. This will lead to an erosion of confidence, by serious students, in

Taekwon-Do as a proven martial art.

Confusion has recently arisen by the use of the terminology “TAEKWON-

DO, THE KOREAN ART OF SELF-DEFENSE,” | emphasize the word Korean.

Today, in the South Korea, it is becoming the practice to indiscriminately

apply the word Taekwon-Do to a bastardized imitation of the real original

Korean martial art.

General Choi Hong Hi has been creating, developing the art of Taekwon-

Do since early 1946, in what is now known as the Republic of Korea. It is true

that General Choi was born in Korea and at the time of developing and

introducing Taekwon-Do he resided there. It is also true that the basis of

Taekwon-Do goes back to the ancient past of Korea, but to call Taekwon-Do

purely Korean is somewhat like one country claiming to have introduced fire.

The true Taekwon-Do of General Choi knows no boundaries of countries;

it is a universal art of self-defense. It is also an art for which the author of this

encyclopedia has devoted his life, not only to retain the purity of the original

Taekwon-Do introduced by him in 1955, but to constantly search for ways of

improving the original techniques. Only after exhaustive research and proof of

improvement and effectiveness is a change to the original approved and

incorporated within the overall art of Taekwon-Do.

These volumes are proof of General Choi's tenacity of dedication to

keeping the original Taekwon-Do free from unproved imitations, and with the

co-operation of all true Taekwon-Do students, no matter what grade, weed out

those who seek to destroy his teachings.

A. FRANKS

CHARTER OF TAEKWON-DO

(Taekwon-Do Hun Jang)

PREAMBLE

Since Taekwon-Do is an art of self-defence which aims at a noble moral

rearmament, high degree of intellectual achievement, graceful techniques,

formidable power and beauty of physical form, it can be considered as a part of

one’s daily life, just as are breathing and thinking.

As the founder of Taekwon-Do, | would like to define its philosophy,

principles, and purposes so that these might be applied to bring about the

flowering of morality, beauty, and power in harmony with the immortal spirit.

PART 1.

Through scientific practice of Taekwon-Do one can significantly improve

his health and nourish his intellect. One can be in a position to aid others in the

cause of justice, thereby promoting social ethics and morals, thus helping to

bring about a happier and more peaceful society.

PART 2. In order to come to terms with life, in spite of its detestable aspects, and

with the idea of death, one ought to continue studying the art of Taekwon-Do

to learn techniques of power and grace, and to enlarge his spiritual realm. Thus

the motivation to study shall be an inheritance of limitless value to succeeding

generations.

PART 3.

Human beings come into the world with simple needs and desires. They

need not become avaricious but ought to remain always humble and merciful,

never compromise their principles, nor Бе swayed by selfish motives, to insure

freedom and independence of Taekwon-Do so that it will be passed on in its

pure form.

PART 4.

Since all students of the art are subject to the same rules of conduct and

judged according to the same criteria regardless of their stations in life, their

origins, and their religious convictions, they demonstrate to the world the

essential equality and brotherhood of man.

PART 5.

Modern society is characterised by selfish preoccupation with material

excess and unnecessary dependence upon machines. Moral society is

characterised by self discipline, sacrifice, and devotion. Dedication to the art

can promote change toward a moral society.

PART 6. Those who devote themselves to their fellows and live according to the

dictates of their consciences are always helpful toward their juniors and show

respect toward their instructors and their seniors.

CONCLUSION

A beginning constitutes a significant part of the whole endeavor.

Therefore, students of Taekwon-Do should not fail to take action whenever to

do so might benefit the society. If he behaves thus, he himself will benefit most.

THE TENETS ОЕ TAEKWON-DO

(Taekwon-Do Jungshin)

TAEKWON-DO AIMS TO ACHIEVE

Courtesy (Ye U/)

Integrity (Yom Chi)

Perseverance (/n Nae)

Self-Control (Guk Gi)

Indomitable Spirit

(Baekjul Boolgool)

‚рака Roe Sr alae Ae Bde Be Spec

Зы

EXPLANATION OF TENETS

Needless to say, the success or failure of Taekwon-Do training depends

largely on how one observes and implements the tenets of Taekwon-Do which

should serve as a guide for all serious students of the art.

COURTESY (Ye Ui) Taekwon-Do students should attempt to practise the following elements

of courtesy to build up their noble character and to conduct the training in an

orderly manner as well.

1) To promote the spirit of mutual concessions 2) То be ashamed of one’s vices, contempting those of others 3) To be polite to one another 4) To encourage the sense of justice and humanity 5) To distinguish instructor from student, senior from junior, and elder

from younger

6) To behave oneself according to etiquette 7) To respect others’ possesions 8) To handle matters with fairness and sincerity 9) To refrain from giving or accepting any gift when in doubt

INTEGRITY (Yom Chi)

In Taekwon-Do, the word integrity assumes a looser definition than the

one usually presented in Webster's dictionary. One must be able to define right

and wrong and have the conscience, if wrong, to feel guilt. Listed are some

examples, where integrity is lacking:

1. The instructor who misrepresents himself and his art by presenting

improper techniques to his students because of a lack of knowledge or

apathy.

2. The student who misrepresents himself by “fixing” breaking materials

before demonstrations.

3. The instructor who camouflages bad techniques with luxurious

training halls and false flattery to his students.

4. The student who requests rank from an instructor, or attempts to

purchase it.

. The student who gains rank for ego purposes or the feeling of power.

. The instructor who teaches and promotes his art for materialistic gains.

. The student whose actions do not live up to his words.

. The student who feels ashamed to seek opinions from his juniors.

Onan

PERSEVERANCE (/n Nae)

There is an old Oriental saying, “Patience leads to virtue or merit.’ “One

can make a peaceful home by being patient for 100 times.” Certainly,

happiness and prosperity are most likely brought to the patient person. To

achieve something, whether it is a higher degree or the perfection of a

technique, one must set his goal, then constantly persevere. Robert Bruce

learned his lesson of perseverance from the persistant efforts of a lowly spider.

It was this perseverence and tenacity that finally enabled him to free Scotland

in the fourteenth century. One of the most important secrets in becoming a

leader of Taekwon-Do is to overcome every difficulty by perseverance.

Confucius said; “one who is impatient in trivial matters can seldom

achieve success in matters of great importance.”

SELF-CONTROL (Guk Gi)

This tenet is extremely important inside and outside the do jang, whether

conducting oneself in free sparring or in one’s personal affairs. A loss of self-

control in free sparring can prove disasterous to both student and opponent.

An inability to live and work within one’s capability or sphere is also a lack of

self-control.

According to Lao-Tzu ‘the term of stronger is the person who wins over

oneself rather than someone else.”

INDOMITABLE SPIRIT (Baekju/ Boolgool)

"Here lie 300, who did their duty,” a simple epitaph for one of the greatest

acts of courage known to mankind.

Although facing the superior forces of Xerxes, Leonidas and his 300

Spartans at Thermopylae showed the world the meaning of indomitable spirit.

It is shown when a courageous person and his principles are pitted against

overwhelming odds.

Aserious student of Taekwon-Do will at all times be modest and honest. If

confronted with injustice, he will dea! with the belligerent without any fear or

hesitation at all, with indomitable spirit, regardless of whosoever and however

many the number may be.

Confucius declared; “it is an act of cowardice

to fail to speak out against injustice." As history

has proven, those who have pursued their

dreams earnestly and strenuously with indomit-

able spirit have never failed to achieve their goals,

“Pursue one’s own goal”

SONG of TAEKWON-DO

Music by Kim Yoon Yung

Words by Choi Hong Hi

С ran se ма я du rot da da shi got pi о

ye ш yom chi м mae guk gi baek jo! bul 9 ul

jungi indo baro jamnun завода dae-o Pyunghwe ro ип in yusa ме iruk hago jo

sung go hagohana rodaen inyomarae so jonggyo in jong sa зап9 та jo gu byuli opsi

SONG of TAEKWON-DO (7aekwon-Do Norae)

1. We are learning Taekwon-Do with the

purpose of building a better and more

peaceful world. So let us develcp a noble

character with fantastic technique to keep

fighting for the weaker as a missionary of

humanity and justice.

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ор Tonka Hua

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2. Taekwon-Do has blossomed again after

long hibernation and it has been fast

spreading everywhere regardless of

religion, race and ism under the ideal of

courtesy, integrity, perseverance, self-

control and indomitable spirit.

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DEFINITION OF TAEKWON-DO

TAEKWONEDO. „ых са A way of life. What exactly is the

meaning of Taekwon-Do?

To put it simply Taekwon-Do is a version of unarmed combat designed for the

purpose of self-defence. It is more than just that, however.

It is the scientific use of the body in the method of self-defence; a body

that has gained the ultimate use of its facilities through intensive physical and

mental training.

Itis a martial art that has no equal in either power or technique. Though itis

a martial art, its discipline, technique and mental training are the mortar for

building a strong sense of justice, fortitude, humility and resolve. И is this

mental conditioning that separates the true practitioner from the sensationalist,

content with mastering only the fighting aspects of the art.

This is one of the reasons that Taekwon-Do is called an art of self-defence.

К also implies a way of thinking and life, particularly in instilling a concept

and spirit of strict self-imposed discipline and an ideal of noble moral

rearmament.

The nearest description of it is almost a cult. Translated literally ““Tae’’ stands for jumping or flying, to kick or smash

with the foot. “Kwon” denotes the fist—chiefly to punch or destroy with the

hand or fist. “Оо” means an art or way—the right way built and paved by the

saints and sages in the past. Thus taken collectively “Taekwon-Do” indicates

the mental training and the techniques of unarmed combat for self-defence as

well as health, involving the skilled application of punches, kicks, blocks and

dodges with bare hands and feet to the rapid destruction of the moving

opponent or opponents.

Taekwon-Do definitely enables the weak to possess a fine weapon

together with a confidence to defend him or herself and defeat the opponent

as well,

Of course, wrongly applied, Taekwon-Do can be a lethal weapon.

Therefore mental training must always be stressed to prevent the student from

misusing it.

As for woman folk, they will undoubtedly find Taekwon-Do ап invaluable

asset in tackling and driving away wolves’ so to speak. When one is informed of

the many instances where frail women effectively protected themselves, they

may sound unbelievable. But really, they have been able to do so because they

are well versed in the art of self-defence.

The feats of Taekwon-Do are great in number. To mention a few is

probably pertinent: For instance, flying over a mounted motorcycle or eleven

persons in line to attack a target with the foot; breaking an inch thick pine board

placed at a height of ten or eleven feet with the foot; breaking two pieces of red

brick with a open hand or knife-hand; smashing seven or eight pieces of two

inch thick pine board at a single blow with the fist; attacking two targets with

the same foot in succession while flying and so on. To the layman in the street,

such feats may sound impossible, but to the serious students of Taekwon-Do

and the exponents of this art, it is quite ordinary. Of course, by mastering this art

it does not mean that you will be asked to do acts of impossibility.

Particularly if someone should challenge you to kill a wild bull with your

bare hands. Therefore it is clear that equivalent demonstrations of such

effective use of pure somatic force is not to be seen in other forms of physical

combat technique.

Incessant training is essential to keep oneself in top form and physical

condition. In training, all the muscles of the human body will be used.

From the use of one’s muscles, it will be possible to harness all available

power generated by every muscular contraction. It will then be necessary to

deliver such power to the human target especially to where the most vulnerable

points or vital spots of one’s opponent are located, in particular when the

opponent is in motion.

At this point, it is necessary to remind the students of Taekwon-Do that

this art of self-defence is specially designed for swift retaliation against the

moving aggressor.

Most of the devastating manoeuvres in Taekwon-Do are based specially

on the initial impact of a blow plus the consequential additional force provided

by the rebound of the opponents moving part of the body.

Similarly by using the attacker's force of momentum, the slightest push is

all that is needed to upset his or her equilibrium and to topple him or her.

In the case of the students of Taekwon-Do who have been т constant

practice or the experts themselves, they spend no time thinking, as such an

action comes automatically to them. Their actions, in short, have become

conditioned reflexes.

Therefore, throughout this Encyclopedia, the readers will notice that

repeated emphasis is placed on regular training, in order to master the

techniques of attack and defence.

Hours spent on training will not be wasted; for surely you will reap a rich

reward in the form of speedy reactions and deadly blows to rain down upon

your enemy or in any case to save life if and when a need arises

Even if Taekwon-Do is practiced for the sake of exercise alone, the

enjoyment derived will justify the time invested and spent. As an exercise, it is

equally suitable for the old and young, male and female

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LEGEND

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boundary

capital

The mural painting at Duk Hung Tomb (409 A. D.) shows general Jin, the

premier of Yoo-Ju province, Koguryo, receiving the 13 governors. Yoo-du

province consisted of 13 counties including Dae-Goon which was

situated in the extreme west of that province.

THE ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT

OF THE MARTIAL ARTS

Farming, fishing, hunting, medical science, trading and written language

are said to have been taught during the reigns of the three mythical emperors

Bok Hi, Sin Nong and Hwang Je in China about 3,500 B.C.

On the other hand, the mural paintings in tombs along the Nile and the

hieroglyphic inscriptions engraved in the pyramids proved that the Egyptians

had a form of open hand fighting similar to boxing as early as 3,000 B.C.

We also have reports of open hand fighting techniques practiced by the

warriors of Mesopotamia and Sumer (3,000 B.C.-2,300 B.C.). Then, we can

easily imagine that primitive human beings had to depend on their hands and

feet to overcome enemies, animals, and the obstacles to survival found in

nature.

As human knowledge and wisdom progressed, these crude fighting

methods were gradually and continuously improved. Eventually, they were

systematized as martial arts.

By the time of the Greek city-states (700 B.C.), boxing, wrestling and

other related forms of combat were regular events in the Olympiads. The works

of Homer (800-900 B.C.) contains descriptions of unarmed combat, and the

Greek philosopher Plato (347-427 B.C.) mentions skiamachia (fighting

without an opponent) — a kind of shadow-boxing, which was eventually

combined with wrestling and boxing to form pancratium. This was a fighting

system in which the whole body was used as a weapon.

The Greek practitioners of pancratium were later transformed into

Roman gladiators. The gladiatorial games were ferocious sports performed for

the entertainment of spectators during the golden age of the Roman Empire.

These games were introduced into Germany, Normandy and England after the

fall of Rome and subsequently became the basis of modern boxing and

wrestling.

It is recorded that some types of open hand fighting were widely practiced

in China atan early date. The art of Palgwae flurished during the era of Ju Gong

(approximately 200 B.C.) and came to be perfected during the Song Dynasty a

thousand years later.

Throughout the world numerous styles of hand and foot fighting have

been developed, each of which reflects the needs of the time and the varying

historical and cultural background of the country where it originated.

In China open hand fighting is called Kung-Fu or Daeji-Chon ; in

India Selambam, ; т France Savate ;inJapan, Judo, Karate or Aiki-

do or Jujitsu ;in Russia Samba ;in Malaysia Bosilat ;in Tailand Kick-

Boxing ; and in Korea it is known as Taek-Kyon, Soo-Bak-Gi, and

Taekwon-do.

Some of these forms of self-defence are no doubt as old as mankind itself.

It would be virtually impossible to trace hand and foot fighting back to any

single beginning.

There are certainly many legends regarding the origins of such weapon-

less fighting and all too often have some let legend be accepted as truth. There

are some authorities who believe that the main impetus of bare hand fighting

emerged in China during the sixth century by a renowned Buddhist monk

named Bodhidharma (Tamo in Chinese; Daruma in Japanese) the third son of

the Indian King Brahman who was known as the 28th Indian patriarch of

Budhist Zen.

The essence of Zen or doctrine of Tranquility is to shun material desire,

power, greed, vanity and so on through an inward enlightenment.

Daruma (448-529 A.D.)supposedly journeyed from a southern Indian

monastery to China via the Himalayas to instruct the Liang Dynasty monarch in

the tenets of Buddhism. It is claimed that upon his arrival in China, he went toa

monastery called Shaoling Temple located in Shao Shik mountain in 520 A.D.

There he undertook the task of teaching Buddhism to the Chinese monks.

They reportedly became physically exhausted from the severe discipline and

intense pace that was set by Daruma. To train themselves to accept the

harshness of the discipline, Daruma introduced them to а method of mental

and physical conditioning outlined in the books | Jin Kyong (muscle develop-

ment) and Si Shim Kyong (mind cleaning). These were intended to free them

from all conscious control and thus permit them to attain enlightenment. At the

same time, supplementing their daily exercise was Shih Pa Lo-han (18

movements of Lo-han hands) which imitated the posture of 18 different

temple idols.

As a result they supposedly became the most formidable fighters in China It is said this method was eventually combined with Shih Pa Lo-han to

form the famous Shaoling boxing or Ch'yan Fa (method of Shaoling Fist)

There is little historical data to substantiate this story. Careful scrutiny of

the evidence reveals that Daruma arrived in China during the Liang Dynasty of

the sixth century. He initially attempted to teach Buddhism to King Moo Je at

Kwang Joo but was refused admission to the palace grounds, The missionary

then went to small country in the north of China called Ui where he was invited

to teach King Myong Je. For reasons that are unknown, Daruma refused the

offer and retired to the Shaoling Temple where he remained in meditation and

devotion until his death nine years later.

During the period between Ist century В.С. and 7th Century A.D., the

Korean peninsula was divided into three Kingdoms; Silla, Koguryo and Baek

Je. Silla, the smallest of these kingdoms was constantly under invasion and

harassment by its two more powerful northern and western neighbours.

During the reign of Chin Heung, Twenty-fourth King of Silla, the young

aristocrats and warrior class formed an elite officers corps called Hwa Rangdo.

This warrior corps—in addition to the ordinary training in spear, bow,

sword and hook—also trained themselves by practicing mental and physical

discipline, and various forms of hand and foot fighting. To harden their bodies,

they climbed rugged mountains, swarm the turbulent rivers in the coldest

months, and drove themselves unmercifully to prepare for the task of defending

their homeland.

To guide themselves and give purpose to their knighthood, they in-

corporated a five-point code of conduct set forth Бу their country’s greatest

Buddhist monk and scholar Won Kang.

1. Be loyal to*your king. 2. Be obedient to your parents. 3. Be honourable to your friends. 4. Never retreat in battle. 5. Make a just kill. The Hwa Rangdo became known in the peninsula for their courage and

skill in battle, gaining respect from even their bitterest foes.

The strength they derived from their respect to their code enabled them to

attain feats of valour that became legendary. Many of these brave young

warriors died on fields of battle in the threshold of their youth—as young as

fourteen or fifteen years of age.

The statue of Kumkang-Yuksa,a famous war-

rior in Sukulam, a stone cave built in the age of

the Silla Dynasty.

Notice the similarities in form between the

Kumkang-Yuksa and present day Taekwon-Do.

The appearance of clenched fist, a strong

knife-hand, and muscled legs which may have

been result of heavy training.

There is much historical evidence to document the existence of a form of

hand and foot fighting during this period in both Silla and Koguryo. Some of

the postures resemble Taek Kyon or Japanese Jujitsu techniques.

It appears that the warriors of Hwa Rangdo added a new dimension to this

primitive method of foot fighting by gearing it to combat and infusing the

principles of the Hwa Rangdo. The new mental concept as well as the physical,

elevating foot fighting to an art.

During the period of Hwa Rangdo, the original primitive method of hand

fighting called Soo Bak-Gi was popular among the common people in the

Koguryo Dynasty. The people had a high regard for Soo Bak-Gi. During the

Dan-O festivals (on the 5th of May of the lunar calendar) and mid-Autumn

festivals (August 15th of the lunar calendar) competitions of Soo Bak-Gi were

held along with games of Korean wrestling, tug of war, hopping contests and

Jeki-Chagi.

The mural painting at Kak-je Tomb, painted in the age of San-Sang, the

tenth king of Koguryo, shows sparring of Soo Bak-Gi. Once again, notice

the similarities of these postures and Taekwon-Do flying combatants.

The famous Korean historian, Dr, Danjae Shin Chae Ho, in his writings of

ancient Chosun, describes the contests of skill and courage under grueling

conditions; “dancing with swords and certain water sports were held on the

frozen river to test a contestant’s courage and perseverance. Archery and Taek

Kyon contests were held to test skill and power.

The winner of the hunt was given the title of Son-Bi. All the above were

judged to be necessary prerequisites of the warriors, and the winners were held

in esteem by all” Dr. Danjae states further, that the art of Soo Bak-Gi was

eventually introduced to China as Kwon Вир and as a form of Jujitsu to Japan.

While pursuing historical documents relating to the martial arts in Korea, it

was interesting to discover that the third king of the Yi Dynasty (1401-1408)

actively recruited experts in Taek Kyon, Sirum (Korean Wrestling), stone

throwing, archery, and Soo Bak-Gi to help in organising a strong army.

Much historical documentation seems to indicate that some of these

forms of open hand fighting may have been eventually exported to Japan and

formed the basis for Japanese Jujitsu and Karate.

The Korean Hwa Rangdo may have been the forerunners of the famed

Japanese samurai. In his book “This is Karate,” Matutatsu Oyama, а well

known authority of Karate in Japan, mentions that the etymology of Kara may

have been derived from the country of Kaya at the southern tip of the Korean

peninsula.

The mural painting at Kangso Tomb, 7th

century, shows the advanced skill in art and the

mysterious usage of everlasting colors, the tech-

nique of which remains unexplained.

Dark Warrior

White Tiger

SOO BAK-G/ IN THE КОВУО

DYNASTY

In another interesting study, Dr. An Ja San has stated in his book of

ancient Korea, ““Chosun Moosa Yongoung Jun” the biography of Korean

warriors, that the Yoo Sul school (which could now be consideredJujitsu) was

known under the name of Soo Bak-Gi or Taek Kyon.

Annually during the month of May, the King, in person, held a match of

this form of unarmed combat at the Kak Chon pavillion on Ma Am mountain.

The winner of this contest was awarded a prestigious government post. The

King also made the contest compulsory for all soldiers. Three of the winners of

this annual contest—Lee Yi Min, JangJoong Boo and Sa Kang Sung eventually

became leading generals during the Koryo Dynasty. И appears that the King

held more than a passing interest in the art.

These were twenty-five fundamental movements or postures used by

practitioners. Their postures incorporated hand, leg, jumping, falling, rolling

and pulling techniques. Below are listed the postures:

Chil Sung Kwon Posture Hyon Kak Hu Sa Posture

О Hwa Yu Sin Posture Joong Sa Pyong Posture

An Hyal Chok Posture Jam Joo Posture

Dang Doo Ро Роз\иге Gyo Hang Posture

Yo Dan Pyon Posture Do Chok Posture

Il Lyong Bo Posture Ki Go Posture

Go Sa Pyong Posture Ha Sap Posture

Do Gi Yong Posture Bok Ho Posture

Mae Bok Posture Do Sap Posture

Gwa Ho Posture Soon Ran Joo =~ Posture

Goo Yoo Posture Tam Ma Posture

Gum Nal Posture Yo Ran Joo Posture

Po Ga Posture

Certainly the Silla and Koryo Dynasties marked a flowering of the martial

arts in Korea. Soon after, however, these dynasties acquired anti-military

positions. Though this began a period of civil enlightenment, anything dealing

with the military was debased. By the end of the Yi Dynasty the martial arts

appeared to have ceased existing

The final blow came with the Japanese occupation (1909-1945) when it

was forbidden to practice any of the martial arts. Taek Kyon was secretly

practiced by some dedicated stalwarts and passed on to a handful of students.

Proponents of the art, such as Song Duk Ki, Han И Dong and a few others,

managed to keep the art alive.

After the liberation of Korea in 1945, the new Republic of Korea Armed

forces was organised on January 15, 1946. A young second Lieutenant, Choi

Hong Hi, recently released from a Japanese prison camp, began teaching his

martial art to some of his soldiers. The rest, of course, is history, resulting in

what is today known throughout the world as Taekwon-Do.

In 1955, the name Taekwon-Do was chosen as the new name of the

national martial art by a board of instructors, historians and other prominent

persons. The name submitted by General Choi was unanimously selected for

its aptdescription of the art; Tae (foot), Kwon (fist), Do (art). Not only did this

new name bear a close similarity to ancient name of Taek Kyon, but the name

gave a new sense of nationalism to the art, where as the prevalent names of

Dang Soo and Kong Soo connoted Chinese or Japanese martial arts.

The years of research and development by General Choi resulted in the

Chang Hun style (pen name of the author) of Taekwon-Do. Though this style

is primarily based on Taek Kyon, Soo Bak-Gi and Karate techniques, a myriad

of techniques have been added, especially in the variety of hand techniques

and perfection of foot techniques.

The Chan Hun style is based on twenty four patterns, each perfected and

polished by General Choi Hong Hi and his colleagues, from the white belt

pattern Chon-Ji to the highest, Tong И.

After 1,300 years, Korean martial art has reached full maturity and has

spread from a small band of aristocratic warriors to practitioners in more than

sixty countries with millions of students. The combination of the old classical

techniques and new modifications have resulted in a form of self-defence and

mental conditioning unrivaled in the modern world.

The above history was released in the weekly magazine of Chosun daily

newspaper by Dr. Lee Sun Kun, President of Kyung Puk University in 1969 and

one of Когеа'$ most noted historians.

The mural painting at Anak Tomb of Koguryo in the 4th

century, shows sparring of Soo Bak-Gi.

Оп the other hand, Funakosi Кут (commonly known as the father of

Japanese Karate) wrote a book in 1958, claiming that Karate is the traditional

martial art of Okinawa. He stated that it had been developed since the 9th

century A.D. under the name of “Te” (hand). When the Okinawan techniques,

modified by collaboration with Chinese Kempo (fist method), the art became

known as “Ос{е” (Chinese hand). The first exhibition of this martial art took

place in 1917 and in subsequent years it rapidly gained popularity on the

Japanese mainland. In the early 1930s, the word “Оо” (China) was replaced

by the word “Ku” (empty) to distinguish Japanese Karate from Chinese

Kempo. In Sino-Japanese writing,” Do’ or’Kara”means China.

In a book of Karate written by Nagadoni, the author states that according

to legend and myth, there was a type of open hand fighting that resembled

present day Sumo(Japanese wrestling) and Judo in Japan about 2,000 years

ago.

Some theories are more highly glossed than others, but the continuing

arguments about the origins of open hand and foot fighting are unlikely to be

resolved,

Adispute over which country could claim the first use of fire would hardly

be more pointless. The Chinese theory is the most readily accepted because

China was the cradle of Oriental culture; but this does not necessarily mean

that the martial arts had their beginning there as well. Open hand and foot

fighting probably did not originate in any one country.

It is, more than likely, a natural development that occurred in different

places, as the need arose for a systematic method of defence. Thus the home of

each martial art will definitely depend on the nationality of its founder, but not

the historical length of a country.

HISTORY OF TAEKWON-DO

(Taekwon-Do Yoksa)

Although the origins of the martial arts are shrouded in mystery, we

consider it an undeniable fact that from time immemorial there have been

physical actions involving the use of the hands and feet for purpose of self-

protection.

If we were to define these physical actions as “Taekwon-Do,” any country

might claim credit for inventing Taekwon-Do. There is, however, scant

resemblance between Taekwon-Do, as it is practiced today, and the crude

forms of unarmed combat developed in the past.

Modern Taekwon-Do differs greatly from other martial arts. _In fact, no

other martial art is so advanced with regard to the sophistication and

effectiveness of its technique or the over-all physical fitness it imparts to its

practitioners.

Since the theories, terminology, techniques, systems, methods, rules,

practice suit, and spiritual foundation were scientifically developed, sys-

tematized, and named by the author, it is an error to think of any physcial

actions employing the hand and feet for self-defence as Taekwon-Do. Nor is

any other martial arts system entitled to call itself Taekwon-Do. Only those

who practice the techniques based on the author's theories, principles and

philosophy are considered to be students of genuine Taekwon-Do.

When and where did Taekwon-Do begin? A combination of circumstances made it possible for me to originate and

develop Taekwon-Do. In addition to my prior knowledge of Taek Kyon, | had

an opportunity to learn Karate in Japan during the unhappy thirty-six years

when my native land was occupied by the Japanese. Soon after Korea was

liberated in 1945, | was placed in а privileged position as a founding member of

the newly formed South Korean Armed Forces.

The former provided me with a definite sense of creation, and the latter

gave те the power to disseminate Taekwon-Do throughout the entire armed

forces, despite furious opposition.

The emergence of Taekwon-Do as an international martial art in a

relatively short period of time was due to a variety of factors. The evils of

contemporary society (moral corruption, materialism, selfishness, etc.) had

created a spiritual vacuum. Taekwon-Do was able to compensate for the

prevailing sense of emptiness, distrust, decadence and lack of confidence.

In addition, these were violent times, when people felt the need for a

means of protecting themselves, and the superiority of Taekwon-Do technique

came to be widely recognized. My social statue, the advantage of being

Taekwon-Do’s founder and my God-given health also contributed to the rapid

growth of Taekwon-Do all over the world.

My involvement with the martial arts did much to supplement the health

that God gave me. | had been born frail and weak and was encouraged to learn

Taek Kyon at the age of fifteen by my teacher of calligraphy. In 1938, a few days

before | was due to leave Korea to study in Japan | was involved т an

unexpected incident that would have made it difficult to return home without

risk of reprisals.

| resolved to become a black belt holder in Karate while | was in Japan. The skills | required were, | felt, sufficient protection against those who

might seek to do me harm. Not only was | able to return to Korea, but |

subsequently initiated the national liberation movement known as the

Pyongyang Student Soldier's Incident. Like so many patriots in the long course

of human history, my actions aroused the wrath of those in positions of power.

| was imprisoned for a time in a Japanese army jail. In January of 1946, | was

commissioned as a second lieutenant in the fledgling Republic of Korea army

and posted to the 4th infantry regiment in Kwangju, Cholla Namdo Province as

a company commander,

| began to teach Karate to my soldiers as a means of physical and mental

training. It was then that | realized that we needed to develop our own national

martial art, superior in both spirit and technique to Japanese Karate. | strongly

believed that teaching it throughout the country would enable me to fulfill the

pledge | had made to three of my comrades, who had shared my imprisonment

Бу the Japanese. “The reason that our people suffer in this way at the hands of

the Japanese,” | had said, “is that our ancestors failed to rule wisely”.

“They exploited the people and, in the end, lost the country to foreign

domination. If we ever regain our freedom and independence, let us not

become the rulers of the people. Instead, let us dedicate ourselves to advising

those who rule.”

It was with this ambition in mind that | began to develop new techniques,

systematically, from March of that same year. By the end of 1954 | had nearly

completed the foundation of a new martial art for Korea, and on April 11, 1955,

it was given the name “Taekwon-Do.

On the spiritual level, Taekwon-Do is derived from the traditional, ethical

and moral principles of the orient and, of course, from my personal philosophy.

Even though | am only five feet tall, | pride myself on having lived in strict

accordance with my moral convictions. | have tried to fight on the side of

justice without fear of any kind. | believe that this was possible for me only

because of the formidable power and indomitable spirit instilled by Taekwon-

Do.

The physical techniques of Taekwon-Do are based on the principles of

modern science, in particular, Newtonian physics which teaches us how to

generate maximum power. Military tactics of attack and defense have also

been incorporated.

| wish to make it clear that although Karate and Taek Kyon were used as

references in the course of my study, the fundamental theories and principles of

Taekwon-Do are totally different from those of any other martial art in the

world,

In March of 1959, | led the military Taekwon-Do demonstration team ona

tour abroad. We visited South Vietnam and Taiwan. It was the first such visit in

the history of Korea. On this occasion, | renewed my resolution to leave my

personal legacy to the world, in the form of Taekwon-Do, and | formulated the

following basic ideals for the Taekwon-Do practitioners:

1. By developing an upright mind and a strong

body, we will acquire the self-confidence to

stand on the side of justice at all times.

2. We shall unite with all men in а common

brother-hood, without regard to religion,

race, national or ideological boundaries.

3. We shall dedicate ourselves to building a

peaceful human society in which justice,

morality, trust and humanism prevail.

| also resolved to dedicate myself to the

world-wide propagation of Taekwon-Do, in the

sincere hope that it would provide the means by

which the unification of the divided halves of my

fatherland would become possible.

My study of Taekwon-Do proceeded in two

parts, spiritual discipline and technical perfec-

tion. Because the human spirit belongs to the

realm of metaphysics, what | mean by spiritual

discipline is not easy to describe. One cannot

touch, see or hear the spirit of man.

It is wider and deeper than anything we can

perceive.

In this respect, |, myself, am only another

student participating in a continuing and never-

ending learning process,

| have come to define the spiritual dimen-

sions of Taekwon-Do as fusing oneself with the

ideals of Taekwon-Do and attaining and under-

standing the full meaning of each of the

Taekwon-Do patterns. If we consider ourselves

as one with Taekwon-Do, we will respect it as we

respect our own bodies and Taekwon-Do will

never be used in a dishonorable way.

Life and work become one.

The names of the patterns are derived from the most illustrious people to

have been produced by nearly five thousand years of Korean history. A proper

understanding of the patterns leads, inevitably to the realization that Taekwon-

Do is a martial art to be used only for self-defense and only in the cause of

justice

The history of Korea contains not a single sample of its military forces

being employed for the invasion of its neighbors or for any other purpose

except national defence.

In the technical area, | created a wide variety of techniques that can be

used in almost any situation. They are based on the following principles;

1. All movement should be designed to produce maximum power in accor-

dance with scientific formulas and the principle of kinetic energy.

2. The principles behind the techniques should be so clear that even those

ignorant of Taekwon-Do will be able to distinguish correct from incorrect

movement.

3. The distance and angle of each movement should be exactly defined in

order to achieve more efficient attack and defense.

4. The purpose and method of each movement should be clear and simple, in

order to facilitate the teaching and learning process.

5. Rational teaching methods should be developed so that the benefits of

Taekwon-Do can be enjoyed by everyone, young and old, men and

women.

6. Correct breathing methods should be devised, enhancing the speed of each

movement and reducing fatigue.

7. Attack should be possible against any vital spot on the body and it should

be possible to defend against all varieties of attack.

8. Each attacking tool should be clearly defined and soundly based on the

structure of the human body.

9. Each movement should be easy to execute, enabling the student to enjoy

Taekwon-Do as a sport and recreation.

10. Special consideration should be paid to promoting good health and

preventing injuries.

11. Each movement should be harmonious and rhythmical so that Taekwon-

Do is aesthetically pleasing.

12. Each movement in a pattern must express the personality and spiritual

character of the person it is named after.

Adherance to these basic principles is what makes Taekwon-Do a martial

art, an aesthetic art, a science and sport.

MORAL CULTURE (Jungshin Sooyang)

The broad connotations and various possible interpretations of the moral

culture are often very difficult for the western mind to grasp because this is an

aspect of Oriental Philosophy which pervades the lives of Oriental people. In a

word, it is the endeavor and process of becoming an exemplary person such as

Confucius (552-479 A.D.).

To become such a person, one has to first find himself and acquire a moral

character which is respected by all. This can only be achieved through constant

practice of mental discipline. Thus, if the times call for it, the mentally

disciplined man can contribute to the building of an ideal society through wise

counsel to the government and, even after death, through his everlasting

examples.

Confucius said, “to promote the sense of morality one must treat others

with faithfulness and sincerity based on righteousness, and to eliminate

completely vicious thinking”.

ЖМИ

Moral Culture

Everyone of us, as a social being, desires to live in a free and peaceful

society. At the same time, it is our obligation to build such society for the

people.

| have quoted various words of wisdom of ancient saints and philosophers

for creating an ideal society in the hope that students of Taekwon-Do use them

as a guide to cultivating their moral culture.

An ideal society, according to LAO-TZU, is one in which the ruler is of

such high moral character that he can rule naturally, not by interference or fear

but by appealing to the good nature of his people, who by merely doing their

duty can live freely in peace without fear and anxiety.

Next, a moral society is one in which the people admire and praise their

ruler in gratitude for his love and the benign disposition he bears toward his

people.

Thirdly there is a “legalistic society in which

the ruler because he lacks the moral authority

resorts to various laws to govern his people, who #

in turn obey because they fear the retribution that

the violation of these laws will bring. Under these

circumstances, the ruler loses close touch with wv

his people.

Finally the worst kind of society is that in 5.

which the ruler, through deception and trickery, <“

misuses his legal authority to further his personal

ambitions and imposes his rule upon his people

by force as he deems necessary. In such a society, 4

the ruler is despised and hated by his people and 4

eventually invites not only his own downfall but Pn

with him the downfall of the people and the “

country

In Taekwon-Do a heavy emphasis is placed on moral culture, for it not

only promotes a healthy body and keen mind but good sportsmanship and the

perfection of mora! behavior. As ancient Greeks first espoused in their sound

mind, sound body, creative spirit concept, the more disciplined and cultivated

the mind is, the more disciplined and cultivated will be the student's use of

Taekwon-Do.

No doubt the following lessons may be somewhat hard to fully

understand; however, it would behove the serious student of Taekwon-Do to

read, digest, and attempt to grasp these very fundamental essences of moral

culture.

A. Return to the basic nature—Mencius gave the following analogy when

he reasoned that a man is basically good.

Even a ruthless robber, coming upon an innocent child about to fall into a

well, will try to save the child, forgetting for the moment, his intention to rob

the house. This good nature becomes obscured or completely lost by greed for

money and power.

В. Be virtuous—tt is difficult to define what virtue is. However, these are

five human qualities which have been recognized as virtues since ancient

times; humanity, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom, and trust. To be virtuous

one must constantly cultivate and practice these virtues.

Confucius said: "Virtue is like the north star. All the stars revolve around it in an orderly

fashion’’

Therefore, people who surround the virtuous person, naturally will act for

the betterment of society.

1. HUMANITY (/N) The abilty to feel sorrow for the misfortunes of fellow men and love them

all equally as parents love their children equally.

Confucius defined humanity in the following ways:

А. To love people, especially one’s parents.

B. Not asking others to do what you would rather not do.

С. To behave with the nature of propriety by controlling on oneself. D. To have unbending desire to accomplish what is right regardless of how

insignificant the result may initially seem when compared to the amount of

effort put forth.

E. To value others’ honour before your own. F. To put others’ freedom before your own.

To implement humanity he said one should:

1) Practice utmost prudence, modesty and discretion in everyday life. 2) Devote oneself to assigned work be it large or small. 3) Demonstrate sincerity with whole heartedness to others at all times.

Tae Kong Mang (12th century B.C.) said;

“The heaven provides four seasons while the earth has the power to

produce all living things. This privilege is not reserved for any specific person

but for all human beings... Therefore, humanity lies in the idea of sharing the

fruits of nature with all people.”

3. PROPRIETY (YE)

2. RIGHTEOUSNESS (U/) The ability to feel ashamed of unjust acts and

to do one’s duty to others. Mencius said; ‘‘for the

ordinary person life and death are the most

important in the life. However, for the virtuous

person to live and die for righteousness is far

more important than life and death themselves."

Righteousness is well defined in the act of a

certain army general depicted in the book of

“War Manual” written about 2,400 years ago.

A General was taking a break from the

gruelling war with his soldiers by a river bank

when an aide brought him a small carafe of wine

for his refreshment. He took the carafe and slowly

emptied it into the flowing river in full view of the

puzzled soldiers and invited them to share the

wine with him by taking a sip of the water from

the river.

Unlike animals fighting over food, a courteous man would offer another

man a piece of bread even though both were starving, out of respect and good

manners.

Confucius said, ‘propriety must be practised for the proper development

of personality, and whoever lacks sincerity in his words, cannot be considered

а gentleman.”

He also said: “Frankness without courtesy can be rather ruthless.” “Respectfulness without courtesy can make the recipient rather

uncomfortable.”

“Courageousness without courtesy can be rather violent.” 4. WISDOM (J/) The ability to judge right from wrong, not especially in matters concerning

the right and wrong of others but in matters concerning oneself.

Awise man (Yu Bee) once said to his sons, “по matter how small it is you

should not do what you realize is wrong. On the other hand you must do what

is right no matter how small it may seem.”

5. TRUST (SHIN) The ability to keep one’s words and promises, not only to one’s friends but

to everyone in general. Without trust a person loses all principles and dignities

and becomes a liar and a cheater.

How, then, can man discover his own human nature? There are two ways by which a person can find himself; first, by preserving

the goodness given to him by God or heaven at birth, and secondly by

renouncing greed for materia! things.

A. Man may occupy two positions in a life time

Basically there are two kinds of position; one is the five virtues given by

heaven, explained earlier, and the other given by man, such as a cabinet

minister, bureau chief, and so on.

Unfortunately man often relies too much on worldly position which is

transient at best, for what man gives can also be taken away. On the other hand,

what heaven endows us with is eternal. This is not to say that we reject all

worldly things but rather that we keep both positions in proper balance so that

the virtues of the former position provides guidance for the proper use of the

latter.

In this manner a man will дат respect and set good examples for others to

follow. Without proper guidance, a person can easily fall victim to the

temptations of personal power and wealth, employing unethical means to

further his ambitions. Ultimately such a person will become a tyrant, or a

dictator and an enemy of the people.

According to Confucius, a generous and loving man cannot have enemies.

Therefore, humanity, the first virtue, is like a strong secure fortress.

Generous person has по enemy

В Greed is insatiable

He who is content with what he has is the richest man in the world, On the

other hand, if one has everything and still more, he may yet be poor. Aman who

is blinded by greed is not only given to corruption, intrigue and exploitation of

others, but worst of all, he casts himself in the position of “friend fighting

against friend, father fighting against son,” finally becoming no better than an

animal.

There is certain truth in the old saying that a truly good person cannot be

rich, and rich person cannot be a truly good person.

According to an ancient adage, “constant material dissatisfaction is

considered to be the root of al! misfortunes.”” There is no better way to self

satisfaction and human growth than the constant development of a generous

nature.

С. Be humble A weed holds up its head in arrogance while

a mature grain bows its head in humility. Lao-Tzu

taught that lofty virtue is like a deep valley into

which all streams of water flow. A virtuous man

will draw the respect of others toward him in the

same fashion while one who is selfish and

egoistic will loose the respect of his fellow man

and become despised and isolated.

To be humble is not to engage in petty

squabbles, but to be like themagnamous river in

the low valley which irrigates the farm fields

around it.

D. Self-criticism No one is wise from the moment of birth. As

human beings we have many faults and are prone

to make mistakes. However, once having ac-

quired knowledge we learn to correct these

shortcomings.

It would not be impossible to eventually

became perfect human beings. For this purpose,

it is essential not be idyllic towards learning and

continue to be willing to criticize oneself.

kf”

“A

Lofty virtue is like

a deep valley.

It is said that Confucius and his pupils practised self-criticism by repeating

the following three times daily:

1) Have | neglected others’ requests because of selfishness

2) Have | behaved with a sincere attitude towards friends

3) Have | inspired others with certainty, while being uncertain myself

4) Have | neglected to practise virtue

5) Have | errored in my studies

6) Have | avoided acting with righteousness

7) Have | corrected myself immediately upon realising my fault

E. Be soft Because light is formless and soft, it can illuminate and give warmth to

even hidden corners. As water can assume any shape or form, it can better serve

the living things that need it to survive. Once water becomes a part of the

Ocean, even the largest ship is like a mere leaf, and its awesome fury when

aroused can conquer the tallest mountain.

If one claims to be strong, he will soon meet someone who is stronger. A

tree, such as sapling, can withstand a strong wind when it is soft and flexible

but may be toppled or broken after it becomes old and brittle. The same

principle also applies to human beings.

F. Respect of elders As son respects parents, younger brother respects older brother, man must

always respect his elders or seniors. This is the beauty of mankind, and one of

the distinctions between human and animal.

Mencius said there are three things of value in human society; position,

honor and moral integrity. 1п government, position is considered important, in

a community, honor, and for а leader or advisor, moral integrity. Indeed, there

can be no children without parents, nor a young generation without the old

generation. A society and a nation could not avoid chaos without its culture

and social order being based on respect for the knowledge and the wisdom of

its elders.

С. Respect the rights of others To criticize someone who is better, to covet other's possessions and to

steal the merits of others are the marks of an unscrupulous man. Mother nature

does make claims to her domain, yet all creatures within it acknowledge her

eternal accomplishments. To help others develop and succeed in life is a

reward in itself and has a true value only if nothing is expected in return.

Throughout human history, people who in jealousy have stolen the

recognition due to others and have stolen their possessions out of avarice have

always left dark imprints of shame and dishonor.

Н. Be just To be correct and forthright is to live one’s life correctly. Old sages used to

say; “То common men, life is most valuable, and death, most fearful.”

However, a righteous man would value justice above life itself and would be

willing to die rather than submit to injustice. Such notable figures as Baek-E-

Sook-Je of China, Sung-Sam-Moon of Korea and Yoshida-Shoing of Japan

all chose death in defiance of injustice.!eaving to their posterity lasting

examples.

Baek-E-Sook-Je lived in Chou period about 2,000 В.С. When King Moo

toppled the twenty seventh King, who was a very notorious tyrant, he refused

to serve the new King, who usurped the throne by force and not by legitimate

process, he eventually starved to death in a self-imposed exile in the Sooyang

mountains.

Sung-Sam-Moon was an important minister of the King Se Jong, inventer

of Han-Gul (Korean alphabet) in the 14th century. After the king died and

the young Dan Jong became king his uncle Se-Jo conspired against the boy

king and took over the throne. Minister Sung was later executed because of his

persistent protest over the unlawful act of King Se-Jo. Yoshida-Shoing, one of

the loyalists was also executed in protest when the Doku-Kawa military

government, at the time, tried to abolish the Mei-Ji monarchy.

|. Be frugal Since ancient times, excessive luxury and pleasure caused the downfall of

many kings and nations without exception and history is full of such examples.

Persons in leadership in particular must learn to be frugal and live moderately.

As the old adage goes “if the water is muddy upstream so it will be

downstream.”

An extravagant leader will affect his subordinates in this same way and

will bring more hardship to his subjects through increased taxation and bribery.

During the Lee Dynasty of Korea, the king's roving inspector, Lee-Mong-

Yong, while traveling the countryside incognito, was invited to one of the

lavish dinner parties of a notorious governor. In the middle of the feast, he

recited his famous poem:

The sweet wine you drink from the glittering cups Flows from the tears of people who toil The tender meat which fills the dishes of jades is torn from their aching

flesh

Merrier you laugh, sadder they will weep Louder you sing, more plaintive their lament.

The governor and his cohorts recognizing the true identity of the poet,

became frightened and fled from the scene. Remember that there are tears and

heartaches of many behind one man’s pleasure.

J. Be discreet In every thing he does, a person must not be impulsive or reckless but be

patient and thoughtful. "Не who acts without thinking at least three times, will

later regret his action,” warns an old proverb.

Accordingly, on a matter of an important appointment or punishment, one

must not decide hastily but must deliberate to reach a decision that is both fair

and objective.

К. Know true happiness Lao-Tzu pointed out that nature was based

upon harmony in contrasts. For example, the

universe was made up of two forces, Yin (female)

and Yang (male). Other contrasts were hard and

soft, long and short, night and day, solid and

empty, cold and warm, big and small, beautiful

and ugly.

All things in this world are relative to one

another. Misery can only come from having been

happy once and sorrow from joy. The wealthy

and the powerful are not necessarily happy. For

every rich person, there are countless poor and

for each tyrant, a nation of oppressed. Mencius

defined life's three happinesses as follows:

1. Healthy parents and harmony within the

family.

2. To live with pride and honor through correct behavior. 3. To educate the young to become upright and useful members of society.

Е. Let your actions speak for yourself Even the ablest orator is apt to err if given to

verbiage. A closed mouth can save a fish from the

hook as well as stay secrets from the enemy. To

speak only what is meaningful is a sign of a

cultivated person. People talk mostly to brag

about themselves or to gain advantage over

others.

A man of virtue expresses himself more

through deeds than words. Thus, he influences

Educate the Young

to produce heroic

leaders

Movement in tranquility

others through living examples. In the old days,

the truly effective way to teach was believed to

be by the actions not by the words of the teacher.

M. Develop peace of mind Aclear pond becomes muddy if agitated and

then returns to its original state when allowed to

settle undisturbed.

It is said that calm will be able to conquer the

heat. Undoubtedly you can endure the hottest

summer heat if you sit calm and composed.

Conversely, if you move too much in order to

warm your freezing body you may get temporary

relief, but it does not last too long.

We can attain peace of mind through medi-

tation, by emptying our minds of all petty

thoughts and returning to the natural state of

man. Unlike in Buddhism or Zen, meditation in

Taekwon-Do does not mean a total divorce from

the world, like a dead body, but rather an active

moment to reflect on our past mistakes in silence

and in the privacy of our thoughts, and through

penitence, to continue our self-improvement

toward becoming better men or women.

This active thought process in silence is

called “Jung-Joong-Dong™

N. Be of firm mind A person of strong conviction is unsuspi-

cious and unafraid. When proved wrong, he has

the moral strength to admit his mistakes to even

the most humble and has the courage to stand up

to the mighty if he believes himself or herself to

be right.

Strong conviction can be gained through

the broad and deep “Ki"’—spirit. Ki is a form of

active energy which fills every physical cell and

organ while “Chi’’—will is the motivating force:

the former moves and the latter leads. If “КГ” is

nurtured with great care and allowed to grow

based on humanity and justice, its soaring power

and outreaching strength can fill the heaven and

earth, enabling man to reach a new height of

great achievements, so Mencius exhorted his

disciples.

On a more practical level “Кг” helps us to

keep our minds clear and alert when the affairs of

life become strained and confused, or sees us

through sleepless nights when our loved one is

gravely ill.

О. Be devoted As meditation is to the religious, concent-

ration and devotion is to the artist, and persever-

ance is to the labourer, so is moral culture to the

practitioner of the martial arts. In other words а

person's unflinching dedication to his own inter-

est and duty is the source of life and power.

Cultivation of mind, therefore, is no monopoly of

any particular person

In fact the sincerity and effort definitely

produce the belief and the belief makes one able

to reach the final goal.

Moral culture is considered to be a cultivat-

ing movement to make one devote oneself to his

work, whatever it might be, until his life and work

become one.

Broad and deep Ki (spirit)

In summary, we can enjoy а greater freedom of action by preserving our

basic nature while making ourselves impervious to the temptation of power,

money and sex. A person who has attained this stage of self-cultivation is

sometimes called a “Saint.”

И must indeed seem like an impossible undertaking to a mere mortal. A

mountain crossing begins with a single bold step and an ocean begins with

each small stream

As ancient proverbs say: “Where there is a will there is a way.” “One

should not look afar, when the way is right in front of you.” “Even heaven can

be moved if one devotes himself to his cause.”

With a strong will and firm determination, it is within the reach of anyone

who is willing to make the effort.

Way is right in front of you.

Absolute sincerity moves the heavens

This moral culture is uniquely tied in with

Taekwon-Do, not only for the eventual attain-

ment of the highest goals in Taekwon-Do and

the promotion of power, technique, and self-

confidence, but also for the cultivation of charac-

ter. Without this, the instructor would be guilty of

imparting a devastating force to those who could

eventually become so enamored of their newly

found techniques they might very easily become

bullies or use this knowledge as a means to

achieve their personal ambitions.

Most Taekwon-Do masters and instructors

are more apt to put emphasis on this aspect of

training rather than some of the more sensational

training guides of running over rocky seashores,

beating the fists against pebbles or thrusting

them into boiling water, attempting to stop a bird

in mid-flight, and so forth.

Whole life is devoted

to Taekwon-Do

There are also a number of obligations the serious student must fulfill, and

the following steps have been taken by each Taekwon-Do school under the

International Taekwon-Do Federation to maintain the high standards of

instructors and students.

1. A close scrutiny must be made of the mental makeup and background of

applicants before their admission to the do jang or school.

2. Orientation to patriotism, obedience, behavior, practices, discipline, and

humility must be undertaken.

3. Personal morals, sincerity, as well as techniques should be taken into

consideration upon awarding the higher ranks.

4. Higher ranks who are found fighting should be punished by the local

Taekwon-Do Association.

5. All black belts must register with the local Taekwon-Do Association and

International Taekwon-Do Federation.

During training the student should constantly develop mental! and

physical discipline. and the following activities should be considered an

integral part of this training.

TRAVEL (YO HAENG): Patriotism can be gained by traveling to noted or historical areas. An

American student once remarked after visiting Gettysburg and the site of

General Pickett’'s famous charge: “The fighting spirit and courage they

possessed to attempt to conquer an unconquerable position must have come

from a loyalty all officers would like to achieve.” Students should seek out

these monuments, study and attempt to learn from them.

MOUNTAIN CLIMBING (DUNG SAN): This form of exercise not only develops important leg muscles, but also

nourishes the spirit and promotes a feeling of victory and triumph, as illustrated

in the well known Korean poem; ‘No matter how high the mountain is, it can

be compared to a small tomb under the heaven. There is no reason why man

cannot succeed if he desires to climb it. All too often, however, one claims it is

too high to climb without even making the attempt.”

COLD SHOWERS AND BATHS (NAENGSOO MACHAL):

By taking cold showers

and baths or exercising on

snow-covered ground in

bare feet, students build te-

nacity and pride.

PUBLIC SERVICE (SAHWE BONGSA):

By contributing labor to the community, especially to the poor or disabled,

the student learns charity, humility, comradeship, tolerance, and sence of

ETIQUETTE (YF JOL):

A high degree of etiquette should be observed by students, both inside

and outside the do jang. This should be applied by lower ranking students to

senior students while training, by higher ranking students to elder students

outside of the training hall (do jang), and by all students when visiting

another do jang. In all cases, emphasis should be placed on correct and proper

salutation. It is a form of respect and courtesy in Western as well as Oriental

societies.

It is indeed poor taste for a black belt to slight a beginning white belt who

might very well be the instructor's senior in both age and station. Students

visiting other do jangs, whether they be Taekwon-Do or other martial arts,

must pay proper respect and observe the traits of modesty and courtesy at all

times.

Jy ра Man should attempt to dwell

in the largest mansion in the world,

stand on the correct place and walk

on the broadest street.

(Man’‘s most comfortable and

secure dwelling is his own virtuous

Je ERR 5%

mind. Не should always stand on

the side of justice and live honestly

and fairly),

TAEKWON-DO AND PHYSICAL

FITNESS

The study of Taekwon-Do offers several unique advantages to the

physical fitness of the student.

No doubt one of life’s most treasured assets is good health. Therefore, one of

the great cardinal sins of mankind is his abuse of this asset. Incidentally, he

who does not abuse or hurt his own body, including the hair, is defined as

obedient to his parents; so described in Oriental philosophy.

Wealth, power, fame and the blessing of physical beauty are all relatively

unimportant if one does not possess good health. An individual owes it to

himself and his family to constantly maintain and improve his health.

Confucius said: "Being in good health is a way of showing great devotion to

the parents, as child's health is their utmost concern.”

The students will realise how important Taekwon-Do is to human health

through the following article written by Dr. Robert S.Arner, a black belt holder

of Taekwon-Do.

Taekwon-Do may be practiced individually or in groups without the use of

weights or special equipment. It is, in most cases, practiced alone except the

sparring. Since the body sets its own limits, injuries or strains are rare and the

physical condition of the student paces him automatically. The entire system of

the body, from the fingers to the toes, is brought into play.

The training does not produce large knotty muscles, it tends to exchange

flabby fat tissue for lean tissue. The thick muscles developed through weight

training tend to push the blood vessels apart without adding new ones to fill

the gap. Such tissue has difficulty in receiving oxygen and disposing of waste

through the blood stream and thus tires more easily.

Taekwon-Do's high repetition, low resistance movements develop a

longer, leaner and more flexible musculature. Such muscles have more of their

areas close to blood supply routes, thus producing maximum endurance and

well being. (Brown. p. 231)

The emphasis in twisting the trunk in executing the kicking movements

and in counter balancing the hand movements builds a firm, well-muscled

abdomen. The high leg raise preceding most of the kicks in Taekwon-Do also

develops the side of the trunk and inner thigh muscles. The study of Taekwon-

Do is particularly recommended for women because of this development of the

lower abdomn, hips and inner thighs; areas which produce a youthful feminine

figure for women of all ages.

After childbirth in particular, these areas are stretched and weakened;

Taekwon-Do training is ideal to restore muscle tone for health as well as

appearance.

The typical training regime, involving extensive movements of the entire

body, raises the pulse rate and oxygen characteristics of the heart and lungs

over an extended period. This increased ventilation is termed an aerobic effect

(Cooper, p. 108) and provides the following benefits:

1. Helps the lungs operate more efficiently. 2. Enlarges the blood vessels, making them more pliable and reducing the resistance to blood flow, thus lowering the diastolic blood pressure.

. Increases the blood supply, especially red blood cells and hemoglobin.

It makes the body tissue healthier in supplying it with more oxygen.

. И conditions the heart, providing more reserve for emergencies.

. It promotes better sleep and waste elimination.

The training tends to be a normalizer of body weight in that it results in a

gain of solid tissue for the under-weight and a loss of body fat for the obese

The estimated calorie consumption for a vigorous Taekwon-Do workout is

about six hundred calories per hour one of the highest for any sports activity

Since the expenditure of about 3,500 calories results in a weight loss of

one pound, it will be seen that a weekly training schedule of only six hours will

result in weight loss of one pound per week.

Taekwon-Do offers a super means of developing the characteristics of

good performance in other sports, as suggested by Mcloy (p. 311):

1. Muscular strength. 2. Dynamic energy—the ability to throw oneself into performance with

vigor.

anrw

3. Ability to change the direction of movement. 4. Agility—the ability to move the body quickly from one place in space to another. 5. Flexibility of joints, muscles and ligaments. 6. Peripheral vision. 7. Concentration and the ability to avoid distraction. 8. Understanding the mechanics and techniques of body movements. “Focus” requires that we have muscular strength, balance and the

exertion of dynamic energy when we concentrate all the power of the body at

one point in space. Combinations of fundamental movements and patterns

develop agility and the ability to change movements as well as direction while

sparring develops peripheral vision and concentration.

The organized training procedures stress a systematic warm up of muscles

and ligaments, increasing blood volume and flow through the muscles. These

warming up exercises promote flexibility of joints, tendons and ligaments as

well as serving to prevent injuries in training.

The regime also stresses warming down exercises after training to pump

down the accumulation of blood and fluid present in the muscles after violent

exercises. If this is not done, stiffness and discomfort will result. (Williams. p.

55)

These techniques of warming up and warming down as well as the

breathing exercise taught are other examples of the highly developed science

of body mechanics and physiology _ contained within formal Taekwon-Do

training.

The attacking “Yell” that is taught also has its basis in basic physiology.

Aside from serving to demoralize the opponent, the “Yell” serves also to

tighten the lower abdominal muscles to prevent injury in the event of an

unexpected counter-attack. In addition, the exhalation, or thoracic grunt as

practiced also by weightlifters or wrestlers serves to equalize the pressure

increase in the thorax which may result from violent exertion, thus preventing

injury to the vital organs. The complete exhalation of the “Yell” serves to expel

the tidal air of the lungs thus increasing the breathing or vital capacity of the

lungs.

It can be seen that the study of Taekwon-Do

is recommended for men, women and children. It

may provide benefits in perceptual-motor or-

ganization, concentration, vision, body develop-

ment, aerobic conditioning of the heart and lungs

and provides training in body control which is

valuable in the pursuit of any other sport or

physical activity. Coupled with the obvious

benefits in self-defense and the satisfaction of

mastering ancient art form, it would appear that

Taekwon-Do should be part of the life of all

people for all their life.

REFERENCES

Brown, Roscoe, С. and Gerald $. Kenyon Ed,.

“Classical Studies on Physical Activity.”

Prentiss-Hall, Inc., New Jersey, 1968

Cooper, Kenneth H. “Aerobics,” М. Evans and

Co., N.Y. 1968

Williams, J.G.P., “Medical Aspects of Sport and

Physical Fitness,”

Perfamon Press, London, 1965

Dr. Robert S. Arner

Optometrist

Nothing can be comparable

to good health.

TAEKWON-DO AND

MENTAL EFFECT

Taekwon-Do is an art that implies a way of thinking and life, and

particularly in instilling moral civilization and generating the power for justice.

Taekwon-Do is also known as one of the best means of developing and

enhancing the emotional, perceptual and psychological characteristics that

enable the younger generation, regardless of age, social status or sex, to

effectively learn and participate in the social and play demands of his peers.

Every movement of Taekwon-Do is scientifically designed with specific

purpose and a skillfull instructor may, therefore, develop in the student a belief

that success is possible for anyone.

Constant repetition teaches patience and the resolve to overcome any

difficulty. The tremendous power generated from one’s body develops the self-

confidence to meet any opponent, at any place, and in any situation. Sparring

teaches humility, courage, alertness and accuracy, adaptability as well as self-

control.

Pattern teaches flexibility, grace, balance and coordination while the

fundamental exercises develop precision and teaches the method, principle,

imagination and purpose. Eventually, this training permeates every conscious

and subconscious action of the student.

Perhaps in some way, Taekwon-Do and the guiding hand of a qualified

instructor may serve as an aid to the misguided, insecure, and physically weak

because the student who comes to love the art quickly realizes that to excel, the

body must be kept at its optimum peak of conditioning and he will,

consequently, hesitate to jeopardize his training in any way.

Thus, Taekwon-Do offers a strict self-imposed discipline along with the

spirit of cooperation and mutual respect.

Together with discipline there are many who need and search for

acceptance and leadership and are anxious to associate with a group or strong

leader. If the student trains conscientiously, he will easily be accepted by his

peers and superiors.

If the instructor and ranking belts are articulate, well-groomed, polite,

confident, intelligent and understanding, this leadership will provide, perhaps,

the best of all possible influences on the student. Prejudice is taught at an early

age but there is little time for petty prejudices while sharing the camaraderie

and spartan training atmosphere of Taekwon-Do.

Through severe training classes, one learns to communicate with the

obvious result that racial barriers are stripped away. The harmonious exchange

of Taekwon-Do between races certainly helps to eradicate the unfortunate lack

of understanding that often exists between people.

Obviously, the training one receives in Taekwon-Do has numerous other

advantages. Taekwon-Do can be quite beneficial for preparing youth not only

for taking his place in society, but also for his academic life. The art teaches,

among other things, tenacity and concentration; and it is also conducive for

relieving the tensions and pressures effectuated by the rigors of long tedious

hours of study. A session of training can refresh the student and help calm and

clear the mind, permitting the student to once again focus his energies

completely on his studies.

Students tend to become lethargic and distracted after long hours in the

confines of a classroom. Through breaking the student learns to clear his mind

and remove obstacles that might normally detract from focused power.

Using this same principle against a specific target a diligent student can

learn to concentrate his resources with a minimum loss of energy. Taekwon-

Do also tends to accelerate a student's process of maturation, since the

seriousness of the art, its potentiality and the profound respect he eventually

gains from the training stimulates the student's sensitivity and perception.

Here is perhaps the instructor's most important phase of instruction; the

ability to teach a student methods of using the body as a weapon without

abusing that knowledge. Though the process may be a frustrating one, the task of educating the

public and responsible leaders in the community and introducing the stimuli of

Taekwon-Do is a challenge all dedicated students should undertake.

It is hoped that the foregoing pages have sufficiently expressed the

reasons why Taekwon-Do has been spreading like wildfire throughout the

world.

However, it must be clearly remembered that the moral civilization, while

enabling the younger generations to possess their own view of life and

philosophy, eradicating a deteriorative tendency is the prime reason of all.

ADVANTAGES OF TAEKWON-DO

1. POPULARITY

Young and old, male and female, and in some cases even handicapped

persons are able to practice Taekwon-Do. Physical strength, weight and body

build are of no consequences. A 60 year old, 85 pound, one armed woman can

derive as much personal satisfaction, along with marked improvement in her

mental and physical state of health, as an 18 year old Olympic decathlon

champion.

Patterns may be chosen according to a students’ limitations and since

Taekwon-Do boasts a myriad of techniques, those best suited for an individual

student can be chosen or modified. A word of encouragement for those who

are physically underdeveloped the majority of Taekwon-Do masters today

were not initially endowed with physical strength or natural coordination. In

fact, an instructor usually prefers an underdeveloped student not only because

of the personal challenge, but because this type of student will usually work

much harder and become the most dedicated student.

In some ways, Taekwon-Do is similar to gymnastics. A student merely has

to repeat what the instructor has demonstrated with occasional corections on

proper technique. Also a student with even limited training can introduce

another beginner to techniques the student himself has already mastered.

2. ЕСОМОМУ

Although a practice suit is a prerequisite in classroom training as ап aid for

mental and spiritual conditioning, one can just as easily train in shirts, track

suit, or even street clothes.

To train or harden an attacking or blocking tool, straw rope wound around

a piece of wood, a bag filled with sand or a piece of cloth or paper suspended

by a string can suffice if the regular training aide is not available.

Since Taekwon-Do can be practiced in a cleared space inyour backyard

or even public park in the absence of training hall, the student has the

convenience of training by himself any time it suits him.

3. TENACITY

There are two pitfalls all students regardless of rank, should avoid:

A. Boredom There is a common tendency among beginners to tire of repeating the

same techniques over and over. Boredom will usually set in between the third

and sixth month for a beginning student. This is the period when a student is

building his Taekwon-Do foundation by learning fundamental technique and

building power.

Impatience, lack of self-confidence, inability to perceive improvement,

and just plain physical fatigue combine to cause a psychological and physical

ennui. After the seventh month, however, the student develops physically and

fatigue is reduced. The student begins to learn techniques that he can use to

gauge his rate of advancement; and through breaking techniques and sparring

the student develops confidence. The best way to combat boredom is to attend

classes regularly and develop resolve to attain a specified goal.

B. Lack of thoroughness

Too often the students sacrifice thoroughness in the learning process,

because they tend to lose patience and insist on progressing to а higher

technique before mastering the previous one. Students should realize that it is

extremely important for them to know thoroughly one single technique until it

becomes reflexive before advancing to the next

The secret of becoming a black belt is a simple one; learn thoroughly each

technique, especially patterns, step by step, not only developing a physical

reflexive action, but developing mental concentration as well.

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TRAINING SECRET

OF TAEKWON-DO

An old proverb says that even heaven cannot make a diligent worker, poor.

However, in Taekwon-Do diligence or intensive training alone does not

produce quality techniques. On the contrary, instructions from a false or

unqualified instructor would be worse than not being taught at all because

unscientific movements not only reduce the power but require a tremendous

amount of time to correct.

On the other hand, under the proper guidance of a competent instructor, a

student who trains earnestly with dedication will learn the true techniques of

Taekwon-Do in a comparatively short period of time with less effort.

Students should keep in mind the following secrets:

1. To study the theory of power thoroughly. 2. To understand the purpose and meaning of each movement clearly. 3. To bring the movement of eyes, hands, feet and breath into a single

coordinated action.

4. To choose the appropriate attacking tool for each vital spot. 5. To become familiar with the correct angle and distance for attack and

defence.

6. Keep both the arms and legs bent slightly while the movement is in motion. 7. All movements must begin with a backward motion with very few

exceptions.

8. To create a sine wave during the movement by utilizing the knee spring

properly.

STUDENT/INSTRUCTOR

RELATIONSHIP

(Sajeji Do)

Even today in modern Korea, hidden Confucian values often appear

through the veneer of twentieth century sophistication. The son that remained

implicitly obedient throughout his life became an object of worshipful

veneration when the parent died. This obedience and loyalty never wavered

From the Confucian values the Korean learned a deep sense of respect for

his teachers. This relationship has always been an important one. An old

Korean proverb states, ‘father and mother are the parents who bring me up

while a teacher is the parent who educates me.” This is the reason why a

student was expected to pay as much respect to his teacher as he would to his

parents.

Thus the personal bonds of loyalty and respect towards the teacher and

parents formed a national! and family structure.

Though a subject may owe fealty to his King, the King must show respect

and loyalty to his teacher, as Alexander the Great did to Aristotle. Though a

father may love his son, he can never become his teacher. The father / son

relationship is emotional and all objectivity is lost. Without this objectivity, it is

nearly impossible to institute and continue absolute control with the learning

system

There is an old Korean adage, “parents may procreate children but not

their purpose in life.” The greatest challenge and reward for a parent is being

able to provide the guidance that will make the child a useful and respected

member of the society.

Obviously, it is а parent’s responsibility to provide the proper education

which will broaden the child’s knowledge and imbue him or her with a good

sense of ethics and morality. |t is often impossible for the parents themselves,

however, to provide the correct education the child needs. This is because the

parent hesitates to force discipline on their children in an objective manner.

There is a subconscious fear that it will create a breach in their relationship.

Confucius advised, “children should be exchanged and taught by con-

cerned parents.”

To teach another's child to become a person of good character according

to the wishes of his or her own parents is a great responsibility. In the eyes of

the student, his teachers will occupy an equal position with his own parents.

There is truth in the ancient maxim that King, teacher, and father are one and

equal.

There must certainly be a degree of love and understanding in all the above

relationships, but there must also be a degree of objectivity. This same

relationship must also be present in Taekwon-Do. The responsibility of

teaching this art lies with the instructors, whose eventual mission will be to

teach students to be physically and mentally strong and to help contribute to a

more peaceful world.

Certainly a dedicated and sincere instructor is an absolute necessity for

any do jang. The do jang cannot grow and mature without a cadre of equally

dedicated and sincere students. Accordingly, both instructor and student owe

a debt of responsibility to teach each other that can never be paid.

The following points should be observed by instructors and students alike:

INSTRUCTORS: (Sabum)

1. Never tire of teaching. A good instructor can teach anywhere, any time,

and always be ready to answer questions.

2. An instructor should be eager for his students to surpass him; it is the

ultimate complement for an instructor, A student should never be held

back. If the instructor realizes his student has developed beyond his

teaching capabilities, the student should be sent to a higher ranking

instructor.

An instructor must always set a good example for his students and never

attempt to defraud them.

The development of students should take precedence over commercia-

lism. Once an instructor becomes concerned with materialism, he will lose

the respect of his students.

. Instructors should teach scientifically and theoretically to save time and

energy.

. Instructors should help students develop good contacts outside the do

jang (training hall). It is an instructor's responsibility to develop students

Outside as well as inside the do jang.

. Students should be encouraged to visit other do jangs and study other

techniques. Students who are forbidden to visit other do jangs are likely to

become rebellious. There are two advantages for allowing the students to

visit other gyms: not only is there the possibility that a student may

observe a technique that is ideally suited for him, but he may also have a

chance to learn by comparing his techniques to inferior techniques.

8. All students should be treated equally, there should be no favorites. Student

10.

11.

12.

should always be scolded in private, never in front of the class. If the instructor is not able to answer a student's question, he should not

fabricate an answer but admit he does not know and attempt to find the

answer as soon as possible. All too often, will a lower degree black belt

dispense illogical answers to his students merely because he is afraid of

“losing face’ because he does not know the answer.

An instructor should not seek any favors such as cleaning the studio, doing

repair works, etc. from his students.

An instructor should not exploit his students. The only purpose of an

instructor is to produce both technically and mentally excellent students.

Always be honest with the students, and never break a trust.

ЗЕ

я |

Respect the King, teacher

and father equally.

STUDENTS: (Jeja)

1. Never tire of learning. A good student can learn anywhere, any time.

This is the secret of knowledge.

2. Agood student must be willing to sacrifice for his art and instructor.

Many students fee! that their training is a commodity bought with

monthly dues, and are unwilling to take part in demonstrations,

teaching and working around the do jang. An instructor can afford to

lose this type of student.

. Always set a good example for lower ranking students. It is only

natural they will attempt to emulate senior students.

. Always be loyal and never criticize the instructor, Taekwon-Do or the

teaching methods.

. Нап instructor teaches a technique, practise it and attempt о utilize it. . Remember that а student's conduct outside the do jang reflects on the

art and instructor.

‚ На student adopts a technique from another do jang and the

instructor disapproves of it the student must discard it immediately or

train at the gym where the technique was learned.

. Never be disrespectful to the instructor. Though a student is allowed

to disagree with instructor, the student must first follow the instruc-

tion and then discuss the matter later.

. A student must always be eager to learn and ask questions. 0. Never betray the instructor.

©) stk джемы as Oe.

Taekwon-Do

In Korean Character

IDEAL INSTRUCTOR

Soldiers are as strong as the general who leades them, and, in a like

manner, students can only excel under an excellent instructor. We cannot

expect a bamboo to grow in a field of reeds, nor can we expect to find an

outstanding pupil under an unqualified teacher.

It is of particular importance that the two aspects of Taekwon-Do, the

spirit and the technique, must be taught together. Therefore, a qualified

instructor must combine the qualities of a scholar and a soldier if he is to

produce pupils of noble character and outstanding skills.

Such an instructor must possess the following qualities: . Strong moral and ethical standards. . Clear outlook and philosophy in life. . Responsible attitude as an instructor. . Scientific mind in matters of technique. . Knowledge of the vital spots of human anatomy. . Unshakable integrity in political and financial dealings. . Dedication to spread the art of Taekwon-Do throughout the world. . One who gains confidence from his seniors, is trusted by his fellow

instructors, and is respected by his juniors.

ONOarWHNH =

THE PHILOSOPHY

OF TAEKWON-DO

(Taekwon-Do Chul hak)

In recent years, there has been an upsurge in violence and a loss of

morality in all levels of society, especially among the young. There are, of

course a number of reasons for this.

Many psychologists today feel that this problem stems from frustration.

Analysts, on the other hand, point out that these misguided people are indeed a

disillusioned segment of society searching for values and relevance in what

they consider deceitful, materialistic, and absurd world of wars and

decadence.

Unfortunately, however, instead of constructively channeling their ex-

traordinary energy and potential, far too many strike out in blind anger,

destroying rather than building, or merely running away from it all by isolating

themselves with drugs and their own worlds of fantasy.

Presently, the tendency of “the stronger preying upon the weaker’

appears to be at its peak. Frankly, the present world closely resembles a

“corrupt age.”

It is obvious that this phenomenon of society is not merely because of the

struggle for survival, but mainly because of an overdeveloped material and

scientific civilization. The former misleads the young to the extreme materia-

lism or egoism, while the latter seizes human beings with fear, though playing

an essential role in public welfare.

Then what would be the remedy? Needless to say it is the development of

moral civilization—the proper mental states of a human being as the lord of

creation, enough to prevail or at least keep abreast with the development of

material and scientific civilization.

The utmost purpose of Taekwon-Do is to eliminate fighting by discourag-

ing the stronger’s oppression of the weaker with a power that must be based on

humanity, justice, morality, wisdom and faith, thus helping to build a better and

more peaceful world.

All men, regardless of age, have felt that death is a shame and lamented

that they cannot live as long as the pine trees or the turtles that seem to live a

thousand years. Righteous men, on the other hand, deplore the fact that justice

does not always triumph over the tyrany of power. However, there are two

ways to deal with these problems: The former, through mental discipline, the

latter, through physical training.

It is my sincere hope that through Taekwon-Do, anyone can garner

enough strength to become a guardian of justice, to challenge social disunity

and, to cultivate the human spirit to the highest level attainable. It is in this

spirit, | am dedicating the art of Taekwon-Do to the people of the world.

The philosophy of Taekwon-Do is based on the ethical, moral, and

spiritual standards by which men can live together in harmony, and its art

patterns are inspired by the ideals and exploits of great men from Korean

history. Korea’s famous military and civil leaders who in nearly five thousand

years of Korean history have never invaded their neighbour yet who fought

bravely and made great self-sacrifices to defend their homeland against

invading enemies. | also include the names of patriots who willingly gave up

their lives to regain Korea’s freedom and independence from the Japanese

occupation.

Each Tul (pattern) of Taekwon-Do expresses the thoughts and the actions

of these great men, so the students of Taekwon-Do must reflect the true

intentions of those whose name each Tul bears.

Therefore, under no circumstances should Taekwon-Do be used for

selfish, aggressive or violent purposes, either by an individual or group. Nor

will Taekwon-Do be used for any commercial or political purpose whatsoever.

| have set forth the following philosophy and guidelines which will be the

cornerstone of Taekwon-Do and by which all serious students of this art are

encouraged to live.

1. Be willing to go where the going may be tough and do the things that are worth doing even though they are difficult. 2. Be gentle to the weak and tough to the strong. 3. Be content with what you have in money and position but never in

skills

Always finish what you begin, be it large or small.

‚ Be a willing teacher to anyone regardless of religion, race or ideology. . Never yield to repression or threat in the pursuit of a noble cause. . Teach attitude and skill with action rather than words. . Always be yourself even though your circumstances may change. ‚ Be the eternal teacher who teaches with the body when young, with

words when old, and by moral precept even after death.

OOINAUHS

Gen. Choi personally explaining the philosophy of Taekwon-Do

to United States Senators and Congressmen,

SYSTEM OF RANK (Dan бир Jedo)

In Taekwon-Do, character development, fortitude, tenacity, and tech-

nique are graded as well as individual capacity. The promotional scale is

divided into nineteen ranks —10 grades(Gups) and nine degrees (Dans.) The

former begins with 10th grade (Gup) the lowest and ends at first grade.

Degrees begin with the first degree (Dan) and end with the ultimate, ninth

degree.

There is, of course, a certain significance in the numbering system. With

degree, the number 9 is not only the highest one among one digit numbers but

also is the number of 3 multiplied by 3. In the Orient, three is the most esteemed

of all the numbers. The Chinese character representing three is written: = .The

upper line symbolizes the heaven; the middle line, mortals; and the bottom line,

earth.

It was believed that the individual who was successful in promoting his

country, fellowmen and God, and able to reach an accord with all three would

aspire to become King, which was written thusly: =. The Chinese character for

three and King are nearly synonymous. When the number three is multiplied

by itself, the equation is nine, the highest of the high; therefore, ninth degree is

the highest of the high ranking belts.

It is also interesting to note that when the numeral 9 is multiplied by any

other single digit number and the resultant figures are added together, the

answer always equals 9, i.e. 9x1=9; 9х2=18, 1+8=9 and so on up to

9х9=81, 8+1=9. Since this is the only single digit number having this

property, it again points to the number 9 as being the most positive of figures.

Taking the use of the number three one step further, the degrees are further

divided into three distinct classes. First through third degree is considered the

novice stages of black belt. Students are still merely beginners in comparison to

the higher degrees. At fourth degree, the student crosses the threshold of

puberty and enters the expert class. Seventh through ninth is composed of

Taekwon-Do masters— the elite who fully understand all the particulars of

Taekwon-Do, mental and physical.

There is perhaps one question that remains; why begin with the lowest of

the two digit numbers, “10” why not begin with the lowest one digit number

and proceed from first grade to ninth grade, and then begin again for degrees?

Though it would certainly be more logical, the 10 to 1 and 1 to 10 numerical

system in the Orient is ageless. It would be impossible, if not even a bit

impertinent, to attempt to change a practice that is even carried into children’s

games.

Perhaps there was an initial logical reason for it; however.it seems to have

been lost in antiquity. Anyhow, the number “10” is the lowest existing two

digit number; consequently, a beginner must start at this number rather than 11

or 12 which an numerically higher.

CRITERIA FOR GRADE AND

DEGREE

This criteria is based on the total number of hours and days required for the

student to obtain first degree black belt, and years for the further black belt

degrees.

There are actually three programs a beginner may follow: 1. An 18 months course; an hour and a half per day, six days per week fora total of 702 hours.

2. А 30 month course; an hour and a half per day, three days per week for a

total of 585 hours.

3. А 12 month course; four hours per day, six days per week for a total of

1248 hours.

GRADE

Requirement

ОЕСВЕЕ

Significance of first degree

First Degree—Expert or Novice?

One of the greatest misconceptions within the martial arts is the notion

that all black belt holders are experts. It is understandable that those

unacquainted with the martial arts might make this equation. However,

students should certainly recognize that this is not always the case. Too often,

novice black belt holders advertise themselves as experts and eventually even

convince themselves.

The first degree black belt holder has usually learned enough technique to

defend himself against a single opponent. He can be compared to a fledging

who has acquired enough feathers to leave the nest and fend for himself. The

first degree is a starting point. The student has merely built a foundation. The

job of building the house lies ahead.

The novice black belt holder will now really begin to learn technique. Now

that he has mastered the alphabet, he can begin to read. Years of hard work and

study await him before he can even begin to consider himself an instructor and

expert.

A perceptive student will, at this stage, suddenly realize how very little he

knows.

The black belt holder also enters a new era of responsibility. Though a

freshman, he has entered a strong honorable fraternity of the black belt holders

of the entire world; and his actions inside and outside the training hall will be

carefully scrutinized. His conduct will reflect on all black belt holders and he

must constantly strive to set an example for all grade holders.

Some will certainly advance into the expert stages. However, far too many

will believe the misconception and will remain in novice, mentally and

technically.

TEST (Simsa)

There are two categories; grade and

degree. Grade testing is conducted at an

appropriate gym to which the student

belongs.

Degree testing up to third is conducted by

a promotion board composed of more than

three and less than seven members of the

association or federation of their parent

country.

Fourth to eighth degree will be tested by

the promotion committee of the

International Taekwon-Do Federation. As

far as ninth degree is concerned, unanimous

consent has to be granted by a special

committee which shall consist of 9 members

who are holders of either 7th or 8th degree

recognized by the International Taekwon-

Do Federation.

The power test is strictly prohibited for

children, for it may cause bone or muscle

damage.

Note:

As is customary, a qualified instructor may

test up to one half of his holding degree; for

example, 4th degree may test up to 2nd; 6th

degree up to 3rd degree.

Ы 4 direction block

4direction punch

4 direction block

Do-San

6th

| Do-San

Won-Hyo

Yul-Gok

Joong-Gun

Toi-Gye

Hwa-Rang

Choong-Moo

THE CONTENTS OF THE TEST FOR GRADES

Sparring

ААА

Knite-hand 1. Passing mark is 60 points.

rate Г

[ея |

Flying side kick ||

2. Every 10 points above ог below

the passing mark will be automati-

cally promoted or reduced

accordingly.

Turning kick

Reverse turning

kick

Self-defence

technique

THE CONTENTS OF А TEST FOR DEGREES

_ | Power

—

и | ры Бы м

Е echnique . .

a Choong-Jang Flying high kick

Solf-defence Flying reverse

technique turning kick

Over-head kick

Self-defence Flying twisting

technique kick

100

TEST FORM FOR GRADE

НЕ

Senior

member of Test Board:

Present

Nationality Rake

Date of Birth

Education

Date of Test...... 19 .....

TEST FORM FOR DEGREE

Present

Rank

Date of Test .... 19... Nimember of Test Board:

Date. Month. Year

Attitude

Signature

Date. Month. Year

Requested Approved

Rank Rank

Signature

101

SAMPLES OF TEST FORM FOR GRADE

Present

Date of Birth| Nationality

Rank

15th Aug. 1945 Korean 10th Grade

Pattern Sparring Power Education

Four direction

Date of Test Senior member of Test Board:

University

Date of Birth

Nationality

9th Oct. 1950 American

Ben Smith Jr.

isi

Joong-Gun 80 Free 55 | Side kick

Knife-hand

Senior member of Test Board:

102

11th November 1979

Promotion

date

Requested

Rank

Approved

Rank

9th Grade

Average Remarks

Walking stance

is narrow

Jame Lee Suk Hi Signature

10th October 1979

Promotion Date | Requested Rank | Approved Rank

Attitude Total Average Remarks

Sf В

Мате Park Jung Taek Signature

Present Rank

5th Grade

Education

Needs more

exercise т

free sparring

103

ЕЕ

Sparring

= ES ee

so be) ==

Senior member of Test Board:

Pan Van Duk

Education

High school

Date of Test

Date of Birth Nationality

3rd Mar. 1947 Korean

Power

eo] ase

НЕЕ ыы sai

Senior member of Test Board:

Sparring

Toi-Gye

Date of Test

104

10th February 1979

Promotion Requested Approved

Rank Rank

sthJun.197@ | 2nd Grede

Fair

Name Han Sam Soo Signature

8th Dec, 1979

Present

Rank

Approved

Rank

Promotion

Date

2nd May, 1979

2nd Grade 2nd Grade

Education

Middle

school

Name Charles Sereff Signature

105

106

SAMPLES OF TEST FORM FOR DEGREE

Date of Birth Nationality

Hwa- Rang

Free

Self-defence

aa —

Date of Test 24th Aug. 1979 Senior member of Test Board:

Nationality

Malaysian | ist Degree

Thesis

Pattern Sparring

НЕ ИО

Reverse turning

kick

Foot technique Flying turning

Ge-Baek kick

Date of Test 3rd Apr. 1979 Senior member of Test Board:

2nd August 1979

Requested Rank | Approved Rank

= г

icin bia ee

Advised to

exercise more

in sparring

Present Rank Promotion Date

ist Grade 18th Aug. 1979

Name Park Jung Tae Signature

Promotion Date

2nd Degree 2nd Degree

Education Total Average | Remarks |

—= =e

More exercise

needed in fying

techniques

3rd Sept. 1977

University 490

Signature

Name Choi Joong Hwa

107

108

Date of Test 3rd Oct. 1979 Senior member of Test Board:

Name Date of Birth Nationality

Pattern

Kim Sat Kat 27th Nov. 1941

Date of Test. 1st Nov. 1979 Senior member of Test Board:

24th September 1979

Requested Approved

Rank Rank

4th Degree 3rd Degree

Ist June 1966

More study

on thesis is

neccessary

High School

Name Rhee Ki Ha Signature

Note:

Double promotion can

be allowed only for grade

test.

Demotion can Бе

considered only forsuch

person whose past

training experience is

unknown by че

instructor,

27th Oct. 1979

4th Degree

Name Lim Won Sop

Signature

Promotion Requested Approved

Date Rank Rank

м ры ae

More training is

109

TRAINING SCHEDULE

(Sooryon Gehoek Pyo)

In any undertaking, good planning reduces the risks and increases the

probability of success. Well planned programs properly carried out can be

likened to catching fish with a net while poorly planned programs can be

compared to catching fish with one’s bare hands, an obviously inefficient and

wasteful exercise,

As training for Taekwon-Do mobilizes the muscles of the entire body, it

requires a large amount of energy. Astudent must move up gradually, from the

easy steps to the more difficult, from the basic to the more advanced stages of

the development process.

In this manner, the student will not only enhance his health but will

develop his techniques thoroughly and consistently. A Taekwon-Do instructor

is responsible for the planning of the detailed training schedule for each of his

students, particularly the grade holders, so that the programs set for them can

be carried out properly and on a timely basis, with students receiving the right

amount of instruction in the specified time.

The training schedule ideally should provide a general overview of all of

the training programs which in turn are broken into more detailed steps

showing the course outline for each class and grade level within a particular

program.

The training schedule listed here is a rather broad one. For beginners

training for first degree black belt, however, it does present the basic

requirement. М is necessary for the instructor to formulate a detailed master

training program and lesson plan. This will allow the course to be conducted in

a more efficient manner.

There are three rather important rules that should be followed: 1. Teach students by rank to avoid unnecessary duplication of exercises Бу

senior students,

110

2. Divide the class into courses for children, adult, and senior citizens. This will

enable everyone to practice without fear of either injury or over exertion.

3. Rather than allowing the whole class to rest at the same time break the

training schedule up so one group is able to rest while watching another

group practice.

The group resting should be aligned at the furthest extreme of the practice

area and should remain silent while the other group is training. There is a

beneficial side effect in this method. The resting group will be able to spot

mistakes their classmates are making, thereby correcting their own.

111

MASTER PROGRAM

Fundamental Exercise

Parallel stance punch

Walking stance spot punch

Walking stance forearm low obverse block

Sitting stance punch

Walking stance knife-hand

low observe block

8th

L-stance knife-hand guarding block

Walking stance stepping punch

Walking stance forearm low reverse block

L-stance twin forearm block

Walking stance forearm rising block

Walking stance knife-hand

low reverse block

Step-turning

L-stance knife-hand side strike

7th

6th

5th

4th

3rd

112

L-stance outer forearm outward block

Walking stance outer forearm side block

Walking stance back fist side strike

L-stance knife-hand inward strike

Walking stance inner forearm

circular block

Walking stance palm hooking block

L-stance twin knife-hand block

Walking stance double forearm block

L-stance reverse knife-hand block

Rear foot stance palm upward block

Walking stance twin fist upset punch

Walking stance upset fingetip thrust

Turning kick

L-stance double forearm pushing block

Walking stance flat fingertip thrust

Sitting stance palm pushing block

Close stance inner forearm side

front block

Walking stance knife-hand front strike

Sitting stance forearm front block

Walking stance palm upward block

Walking stance outer forearm

wedging block

L-stance forearm guarding block

Walking stance straight

finger-tip thrust

Stepping side piercing kick

Walking stance front elbow strike

Walking stance knife-hand rising

block

Walking stance upper elbow strike

L-stance forearm inward block

Walking stance x-fist rising block

Close stance back fist high strike

Walking stance x-fist pressing block

Walking stance x-fist downward block

Vertical stance knife-hand downward

strike

L-stance forearm low block

X-stance knife-hand side strike

(from beginner to first degree black belt holder)

Walking stance inner forearm Four direction Forging post (with obverse block punch sponge pad) Stepping side rising kick Four direction Dyna-strike Front rising kick block Stretchociser Front snap kick ee = Spot turning L-stance inner forearm block Side piercing kick CHON-II Side front snap kick Walking stance inner forearm reverse block DAN-GUN L-stance back fist side strike Forging bag Stepping side rising kick DO-SAN Finger toughner Release from a grab box (with rice) Fixed stance punch Punching ball — Walking stance reverse punch WON-HYO Forging post (with

straw pad)

X-stance back fist side-strike Blocking apparatus Double side stepping knife- YUL-GOK ‘i P hand side strike Calisthenics Fixed stance u-shape block В Wooden horse Releasing from a grab JOONG-GUN Semi-free Foot raising aid Close stance turning punch Free Jar

L-stance knife-hand low

guarding block

X-stance x-fist pressing block

L-stance reverse punch

L-stance side elbow thrust

Flying side piercing kick

Reverse turning kick

* Improvised

TOI-GYE <a training aids

Dumbells

Free

Self-defence

technique

Forging pendulum

Finger toughener

box (with sand)

HWA-RANG

Free

Self-defence

technique

Power indicator

Holders

CHOONG-MOO

113

MASTER PROGRAM FOR 10TH GRADE

Nomenclature of the Forefist, outer forearm, knife-hand, inner forearm,

attacking and blocking under forearm, Back forearm, ball of the foot,

tools tibia, outer tibia, inner tibia and side sole

Definition of the High, middle and low section

vital spots of the body

Reasonable position High, middle and low attack

of the tools for or block

Attention, parallel, walking

and sitting stance

Introduction of Taekwon-Do

Theory of power

Parallel stance punch

Walking stance spot punch

Stepping motion

Walking stance outer forearm

low obverse block

Fundamental Front rising kick

exercises Four direction punch

Sitting stance punch

Walking stance knife-hand

low observe block

Walking stance inner forearm

middie obverse sida block

Four direction block

Stepping side rising kick

114

LESSON PLANS FOR 10TH GRADE

1. They can be flexible according to circumstance or individual taste of

instructor.

2. Warming up and warming down exercises must be done before and

after training.

Ist Week

How to tie the belt Attention stance and bow posture

Introduction of Taekwon-Do

Conduct in do jang

How to fold the do bok

Vital spots and high, middle

and low attack or block

How to make a clenched fist

Theory of power

Parallel stance punch

Theory of power How to punch a forging post

stressing the point of focus

Principle of stepping

Walking stance spot punch

Forging post

(sponge pad)

Dyna strike

Walking stance spot punch

Correction and demonstration

Nomenclature of forearms and tibias

Walking stance forearm low block

Parallel stance punch

Walking stance spot punch

Walking stance forearm low

block

Carrection and demonstration

116

2nd Week

Reference

Tenets of Taekwon-Do

Walking stance spot punch

Walking stance forearm

low block

Spot front rising kick

Walking stance spot punch

Walking stance forearm

low block Spot front rising kick

Correction and demonstration

Parallel stance punch

Walking stance spot punch

Walking stance forearm

low block

Four direction punch

Walking stance spot punch

Walking stance forearm

low block

Four direction punch

Sitting stance punch

Four direction punch

Correction and

Demonstration

Stepping front rising kick

Training Aids

3rd Week

ск | etoronce | raining las

Moral culture Sitting stance punch

Stepping front rising kick

Four direction punch

Sitting stance punch

Four direction punch

Correction and demonstration

How to make a proper knife-hand

Walking stance knife-hand

low block

Tues.

Sitting stance punch

Stepping front rising kick

Walking stance knife-hand

low-block

Correction and demonstration

Four direction punch

Wed.

Sitting stance punch

Four direction punch

Walking stance knife-hand

low block

Walking stance inner fore-

arm obverse side block

Four direction punch

Walking stance knife-hand low

block

Inner forearm obverse side block

Side rising kick

Correction and demonstration

117

4th Week

een

Moral culture Sitting stance punch

Stepping side rising kick Stretchociser

Four direction punch

Four direction block

Stepping front rising kick

Stepping side rising kick

Four direction block

Correction and demonstration

Principles of 3-step sparring

Four direction punch

Stepping side rising kick

Four direction block

3-step sparring

Sitting stance punch

Stepping front rising kick

Four direction punch

Four direction block 3-step sparring Instruction of test Four direction punch Four direction block 3-step sparring Correction and demonstration

118

119

MASS TRAINING SCHEDULE

The following curriculum was adopted by the South Korean Armed

Forces, and in May 1968 was presented to the consul International Sports

Military Symposium held in Paris.

One of the great advantages of Taekwon-Do is the ability to train a large

mass of students at one single session. This is especially valuable for training

military personnel. Mass training is divided into both ordinary and special

classes.

1. ORDINARY CLASS.

This is conducted for all men, including officers, and is broken down into

the following successive courses.

A. First Course This couse should teach simple basic posture, fundamental movement,

and beginner's patterns; CHON-JI and DAN-GUN. Here the student is

beginning to toddle and discover the use of his legs for the first time. In two

months, the student can be eligible for any grade from 10th to 7th, depending

on the mental and physical achievement. This course should take two months.

В. Second Course This phase of instruction should teach 2-step and 1-step sparring along

with DO-SAN and WON-HYO patterns. In this course emphasis is placed

proper use of the feet. Of course, there is constant repetition of technique

learned in the first course. Here the student is walking freely and attempting to

run. Upon completion of this course the student can be promoted to any grade

from 6th to 5th grade, again depending on his ability.

This course should also take two months.

C. Third Course

In the first half of this course, students learn foot techniques, semi-free

sparring and free sparring. The students advance to YUL-GOK and JOON-

120

GUNpatterns, and some basic self-defence techniques. In the second half of

the course the student is introduced to bayonet drill and practical methods of

defense against armed opponents. The adolescent student is now running

freely and is qualified to hold any grade from 4th to 3rd. This is another two

month course,

2. SPECIAL CLASS.

This class is primarily for training instructors and assistant instructors. The

first, second, and third courses are nearly the same as those of the ordinary

class with the exception that though the courses are shorter, the daily training

is for a longer period.

a. Fourth Course

In this course, the students receive more intensive training to develop

muscles and sparring techniques. The students begin to practice ТО!-СУЕ and

HWA-RANG patterns. Now the student can not only run, but jump as well.

Upon completion of this course the students are eligible for 2nd and Ist

grade. This course should take three months.

b. Fifth Course This course is a preparatory course for obtaining a black belt. Here the

instructor scrutinizes the students and appraises their confidence, leadership

ability, moral courage and humulity. Not only is the adult student running and

jumping but he also possesses the technique and confidence to participate in

any sporting event. Once the student has mastered HWA-RANG and

CHOONG-MOO patterns, he may test for Ist degree black belt. This course

should take a minimum of three months.

3. TRAINING HALL An indoor training hall should have a wooden floor so the student can

practice barefooted. A wooden floor also offers the flexibility needed to enable

students to perform their techniques at an optimum. An outdoor training area is

obviously ideal for training a large mass of students, perhaps company size.

121

It should be set up оп a level, preferably grassy area. Students are allowed

to wear shirts and tennis shoes outdoors.

4. TERMS OF TRAINING An individual soldier, training one hour per day six days a week, should

finish the basic Taekwon-Do training in less than six months. In the advanced

phase of the special class, potential instructors must train eight hours per day

for an additional six months.

122

CLASSIFICATION

OF INSTRUCTOR

The instructors are, in a broad sense, classi-

fied into domestic and international. The former

are selected from among 4th Dan and above,

qualified by their parent domestic association

and the latter from among the domestic instruc-

tors, appointed upon completion of the qualifi-

cation tests by the International Taekwon-Do

Federation.

Only the international Taekwon-Do instruc-

tor is authorized to teach and test the students

both overseas and home. He can also issue the

grade certificate in his name. However, degree

certificates must be requested from the

International Taekwon-Do Federation.

An international instructor can de-

legate the authority to his assistants

to teach. These assistants, however,

do not have the power to test.

As a rule: A. 1st degree can teach up to 5th

grade.

В. 2nd degree can teach up to 3rd

grade.

С. 3rd degree can teach up to 1st

grade.

Degree Certificate

TATA DO

FEDERATION

Cerificate ~

№ м-3-3 — ЗАЦЕН

ее МААМИНАМ

ст. Hs Урон

Зин

ZAR tes 2 4 4444 р к ++

- WwW

Instructor Certificate

CLASSIFICATION OF UMPIRE

(Simpan Jongyu)

Umpires are divided into class A and B, the former for international

matches and the latter for national! matches.

Qualification of an International Umpire: The International Taekwon-Do Federation appoints as an international

umpire those who are 4th degree and above and have passed the umpire’s

course conducted by the International Taekwon-Do Federation.

Aclass A umpire must be accredited with years of match experience and

can judge international matches in any country at any time, whenever

requested by the International Taekwon-do Federation.

Qualification of a National Umpire: A class B umpire is selected from among 2nd degree and above and

qualified by his parent association. He can judge national matchs only.

All umpires, when judging competitions, must dress as follows: 1. White long-sleeved shirt 2. Blue tie (solid--one color only) 3. Blue pants 4. White running shoes or soft white rubber soled shoes

5. White socks

125

The First World Taekwon-Do Championship in Montreal, Canada, 1974.

The First Intercontinental Championship held in Quebec, Canada, November 1982.

126

COMPETITION (Kyong Gi)

A Taekwon-Do match is more than merely a contest of skill and power. It is

also an aesthetic display of a martial art, not unlike fencing, with an honorable

tradition. There is certainly beauty in aggressive yet controlled sparring, in

well-executed patterns, or in the awesome spectacle of flying kicks and

breaking techniques. Though the contest itself and the competitive spirit of all

participants is important, students should also enjoy the match and take

advantage of it for making new acquaintances within the brotherhood of

Taekwon-Do, exchanging training techniques, and spreading the physical and

mental attributes of the art to the spectators. Too often, competitors take the

match far too seriously and ruin it for themselves and others through their lack

of sportsmanship.

The accolades and trophies are sometimes superficial forms of recog-

nition. It is the measure of respect felt by instructors and fellow students that

holds far more value.

A great deal of emphasis has been placed on the sparring aspect of

matches. Though sparring is certainly an indicator of a student's training, it

cannot be the sole criteria for judging any particular student’s techniques.

There are a lot of variables that must be taken into consideration. In the case of

match sparring, there are some instructors and students who feel that victory

can only be decided through actual contact matches with or without protective

equipment. Certainly, as in the case of kick boxing or some of the soft styles of

open hand fighting, contact can be made without serious injury. Using proper

technique, however, a Taekwon-Do student could easily shatter an

opponent's jaw or cause instant death with one single blow. The larger

majority favor full contact with protective equipment.

There are a number of reasons why this is unfeasible: 1. With protective equipment, it would be necessary to completely cover the

body rather than some vital spots and attacking tools. Not only would helmets

and chest pads be required, but also padding around the throat, armpits, neck

artery, temple (which could be damaged even though a helmet was worn), and

face. The whole body would have to be encased and contestants would look

128

like medieval warriors. It must also be remembered that students, able to break

four or five boards with a punch or kick, could still cause a serious concussion.

2. Freedom of movement would be restricted and protective equipment would

be a burden rather than protection, especially for a light person.

3. Attacking tools would be limited. With boxing gloves, it would be

impossible to use a knife-hand, back fist, or fingertips.

4. Accuracy and speed would be useless criteria.

5. It would be impossible to use special techniques; e.g., flying kicks, overhead

kicks, etc.

6. Body contact would prohibit women, senior citizens, children, and persons

with physical disabilities from competing.

7. Protective equipment would eliminate pain, which induces reflexive action

in blocking techniques. Pain is also the harshest, though most effective, aid for

promoting tenacity, courage, and pride.

The proper method of judging a student's skill and power would be to

conduct a match encompassing several related tests of ability, which might

include sparring, patterns, power tests, and special techniques. Through

sparring—courage, aggressiveness, spirit, accuracy and speed could be tested;

through patterns—balance, characteristic beauty and concentration; through

breaking—power; and through special techniques—coordination, acrobatic

skill, and resolve.

129

RULES FOR COMPETITION

(Kyong Gi Kyu Jong)

SECTION |. GENERAL

Article 1. These rules are to be applied to every individual and / or national

group taking part in any Taekwon-Do competition sponsored by

the International Taekwon-Do Federation.

Article 2, The purpose of these rules is to elevate the quality of Taekwon-Do

by scoring, in total, every aspect and provide an equal chance for all

participants to show the ultimate of their abilities.

SECTION И. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

Article 3. The juries, judges and referee will be selected from the rolls of

certified umpires in the International Taekwon-Do Federation. The

executive committee will consist of the following members:

a. Juries 3

b. Referee 1

c. Judges 4

. Timekeepers 2

. Recorders 2

Photographers 3

. Match executive 1 . Physicians . i. Publicity officer 1 j. Reporters unrestricted

sa -~o a2

Article 4. Duties: а. The juries will be seated in the place of honor in front, and will

render final decision in the case of a tie or dispute by a majority

vote.

b. The referee will be in the ring to control the competition.

130

с. The judges will be seated in each of the four corners of the ring. d. Timekeepers will be seated at ringside to check and indicate the

beginning, end, and continuation of each competition.

e. The recorder will be seated at ringside to keep contest records. . Photographers, provided by the organizing committee to photo-

graph actual scenes, especially patterns and sparring, will

provide video tape recordings for use in the event of dispute.

g. The match executive will be responsible for conducting the

events of the competition.

В. The physician is responsible for medical examinations and

treatment of any competitors injured during competition.

i. The publicity officer will provide the publicity for the competition.

SECTION !!. COMPETITION

Article 5. Division of competition: Competition is divided into team match and

individual match.

Article 6. Composition of Teams: Teams will consist of five regular competi-

tors, plus one competitor in reserve. Contestants are assigned

numbers and competition will proceed in numerical order.

Article 7. Order of Match: Pattern, sparring, power test, and special

technique.

a. Team Match:

(1) Pattern: one optional and two designated. (2) Sparring: free sparring. (3) Power test: with forefist, knife-hand, footsword, ball of the

foot, and back heel.

(4) Special technique: flying high kick, overhead kick, flying

turning kick, mid-air kick (360 degrees), and flying reverse

turning kick.

(5) Power test and special technique will be performed only by

team representatives.

b. Individual Match (male): (1) Pattern: one optional and two designated. 131

(2) Sparring: free sparring. (3) Power test: with forefist, knife-hand, footsword, ball of the

foot, and back heel.

(4) Special technique: flying high kick, overhead kick, mid-air

kick, flying turning kick, and flying reverse turning kick.

c. Individual Match (female):

(1) Pattern: one optional and one designated.

(2) Sparring: free sparring.

(3) Power test: with knife-hand and footsword.

(4) Special technique: overhead kick.

Article 8.a. Competition will be decided by the pyramid tournament system.

b. The individual match sparring events are divided into Group A

о.

(1st and 2nd Dan) and Group B (3rd and 4th Dan).

These are further divided into:

i) Lightweight—up to 63 kg.

ii) Middle weight—up to 73 kg.

iii) Heavy weight—73 kg and over.

Each team must perform all match competitions.

Individual competitors may enter any or all of the categories. Tie

will be decided by a draw.

Article 9. Dress and Ring Requirements:

Article 10.

. First, second, and third place prizes for individual match.

. First, second, and third place prizes for patterns.

. First, second, and third place prizes for sparring. . First, second, and third place prizes for power test.

132

oan oe

Though competitors must wear practice suits during competition,

they are allowed to wear dressing gowns during intervals to

prevent chills.

. Ring size will be a nine by nine meter wooden floor raised ten

centimeters off the ground.

Awards:

First, second, and third place prizes for team match.

f. First, second, and third place prizes for special techniques.

g. Partial prize; only first place for power test; i.e., knife-hand,

footsword, etc.

в. Partial prize; only first place for special technique; i.e., flying high

kick, mid-air kick, etc.

i. Special prize; these will be given to any one individual contestant

for display of a newly developed innovative technique.

Note: The winning team will be chosen according to the total points

of the team and the individual.

133

Article 11. Scoring Criteria:

a. Pattern:

10 points are awarded as basic points for the optional pattern and

134

points for a designated pattern.

Additional 5 points will be added for the following items:

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

Accuracy of diagram

Equilibrium

Breath control

Smoothness of movement

Timing of each movement

Power

Rhythmic movement

Characteristic beauty

b. Sparring:

(1)

(2)

—

(4)

Time Allowance Two minutes for sparring; however, if no score is made

within two minutes, an additional two minutes are allowed

after a one minute interval. If at this time, no score is made,

the jury will decide the winner.

Injury When a contestant is not able to continue the match due to

injury, the party responsible for the injury will be disquali-

fied. If no determination can be reached as to responsibility,

the jury will decide the winner.

Disqualification (a) Misconduct against the referee (b) Intentionally attacking a vital spot, disabling an

opponent

(c) Committing more than three fouls (d) Ignoring referee's instructions more than twice Fouls (a) Loss of temper (b) Insulting an opponent in any way (c) Biting or scratching

(5) Warnings

(a) Stepping out of the ring (both feet)

(b) Falling down whether intentionally or not, except to

score a point

(d) Intentionally avoiding close contact

(e) Holding or clawing

(6) Demerit

(a) Committing more than three warnings

(b) Every demerit is counted as a loss of one point

(7) Scoring

(a) Attack

Decisive Blow

|) Attacking tool must focus within two centimeters of a vital spot.

|) An appropriate attacking tool must be used.

|!) Correct posture must be maintained.

\V) Attacking tool must be delivered in a forceful manner.

V) Attack must be delivered from a proper distance.

(b) Defense

Perfect Block

|} Defender must maintain complete balance.

|) An appropriate blocking tool must be used.

1!) Block must be powerful and accurate.

1У) Defense must be maintained at a proper distance.

V) Opponent’s balance must be broken.

(8) Vital Spots

Listed below are the only vital spots recognized in competition: philtrum,

temple, point of the chin, upper neck, neck artery, armpit, solar plexus, ribs,

floating ribs, abdomen, and leg joint.

(9) Power Test:

Every board will be 30 cm. by 30 cm. by 1.27 cm. thick.

The prize for the power test will be awarded to the competitor who can

break the most boards. Every competitor will have only one chance.

135

(10) Special Techniques: (a) Flying high kick (one board) at least 220 cm. high. The prize will be

awarded for the highest kick.

(b) Overhead kick (one board).

The prize will be awarded to the competitor who can jump the farthest

overhead. The height of the obstacle will be 70 cm.

(с) Mid-air kick—360 degrees (one board), 130 cm. high. The prize will

be awarded for the highest kick.

(d) Flying turning kick (one board) at least 180 cm. high. The prize will be

awarded to the highest kick.

(e) Flying reverse turning kick (one board), 150 cm. high. The prize will be

awarded for the highest kick.

(11) Points: (a)One point will be awarded for:

|) Hand attack directed to mid ог high section.

|) Foot attack directed to mid section.

Il) Perfect block.

(b) Two points will be awarded for:

|) Foot attack directed to high section.

И) Hand attack while in air (both feet must be off the ground).

И!) Jumping or flying kick directed to mid section,

Jumping or flying kick directed to high section.

No contact is allowed, but close enough to the body, within 2 cm.

136

138

JUDGE PAPER

JUDGE PAPER CORNER NUMBER

Signature:

Diagram

Power

DESIGNATED Smoothness

Timing

Equilibrium

Beauty

Team Work

Diagram

Balance

Smoothness

Timing

Power

Beauty

JUDGE PAPER CORNER NUMBER

DESIGNATED

JUDGE PAPER CORNER NUMBER

Signature:

SPARRING

Foot while flying | 3 |

Hand While flying

Foot while flying

Stepping out

Falling down

Avoiding Contact

Holding or clawing

Warnings | insuting

Biting or Scratching

Disqualification

Total Points

JUDGE PAPER CORNER NUMBER

Signature:

; A B

POWER TEST: а в

№ of Boards No of Boards

Forefist

Knife-hand

Ball of Foot

Footsword

Back Heel

Jury Signature:

JUDGE PAPER CORNER NUMBER

Signature;__

SPECIAL TECHNIQUES:

Flying Turning Kick

Flying Reverse Turning Kick

Mid-Air Kick

Jury Signature:

141

DEMONSTRATION (sibum)

The purpose of the demonstration is to introduce the dynamic power, skill

and graceful movements possessed by the demonstrators. It also assures

spectators that anyone, regardless of age or sex, can learn and develop such

techniques.

Emphasis should be placed on the following points during the

demonstration:

1. The meaning and purpose of each technique should be explained in detail. 2. Some particular self-defence techniques and model sparring should be

repeated in slow motion for the spectator to understand both the method

and purpose of the movements.

3. Since a Taekwon-Do expert should use this technique reflexly in combat,

every technique should be performed in front of the spectators immediately

without the benefit of rehearsal.

4. Breaking materials such as boards, bricks or roof tiles should be hard

enough that an ordinary person would find it almost impossible to

duplicate the student's technique. Breaking with the forehead is absolutely

prohibited in Taekwon-Do.

The following is one of the programs presented by a Taekwon-Do team

during a tour through Europe, Africa, Middle East and South East countries in

1965.

142

OOMOnNON EWN

No. Item

SAMPLE OF A PROGRAM

. Smash one piece of tile with a flying high kick Demonstrators ‚ Fundamental movements 6th Degree Han Cha Kyo . Pattern “Chon-Ji” 5th Degree Kim Jun Kun

Model sparring 5th Degree Kwon Jai Hwa

Smashing 15 pieces of roof tile with the forefist 5th Degree Park Jang Soo

. Pattern “Hwa-Rang” . Free sparring . Smash one piece of brick with a knife-hand . Split three pieces of 3-centimeter board with а side kick . Pattern “Ge-Baek”’ . Free sparring ‚ Smash one piece of roof tile with a footsword while jumping over the

shoulders of two standing men

. Smash two pieces of roof tile with a flying front and turning kick . Self-defense techniques (Releasing from a grab) . Pattern “Po-Eun” ‚ Foot technique sparring . Split two pieces of 3-centimeter board with a mid-air kick . Free sparring, one student against two opponents . Self-defense techniques . Split two pieces of 3-centimeter board with a turning and reverse turning

kick

. Self-defense techniques (defense against a bayonet and dagger) . Split one piece of 2-centimeter board with flat fingertips . Pattern “Choi-Yong” . Split two pieces of 3-centimeter board while flying over nine persons . Smash one piece of roof tile, placed on head, with a flying twisting kick

. Split two pieces of 3-centimeter board with a back fist

. Pattern “UI-Ji” . Smash one piece of roof tile, placed on head, with a flying turning kick

. Smash four pieces of roof tile with a punching kick (forefist and foot)

. Pattern “Yoo-Sin” . Smash one piece of roof tile while flying over a motorcycle

143

Munchen, West Germany

Cairo, E.A.R.

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

144

SAMPLES ОЕ BREAKING TECHNIQUES

Breaking itself is not Taekwon-Do, as most people misunderstand it to be.

The real purpose of destruction in demonstrations is to prove the power of each

blow not only to the spectators but to the student as well.

It is both foolish and dishonest to use tricks in breaking techniques.

Certainly an unaware audience will be impressed if a stone is broken by

supporting one end with the other hand, smashing bricks which are notched or

boards that have been narrowed down or dried in an oven. In reality, however,

such a demonstrator is only fooling himself.

145

SAMPLES OF SPECIAL TECHNIQUES

Their purpose is to demonstrate the ability to attack opponents accurately

beyond obstacles or at a distance rather than proving the power

Important: Due to the distortion of distance apparent in photographs the angle of the

feet in the stances may appear slightly out of position. The student, therefore, is

encouraged to refer to the feet illustrations rather than the photograph itself

Parallel stance

Sitting stance

WALKING STANCE

L-STANCE

PATTERNS (Ти)

The ancient law in the Orient was similar to the law of Hamurabi, “ап eye

for an eye, a tooth for a tooth,’ and was rigorously enforced even if death was

caused accidentally.

In this type of environment, and since the present system of free sparring

had not yet been developed, it was impossible for a student of the martial arts to

practise or test his individual skill of attack and defense against actual moving

opponents,

Individual advancement was certainly hindered until an imaginative

practitioner created the first patterns.

Patterns are various fundamental movements, most of which represent

either attack or defense techniques, set to a fixed and logical sequence.

The student systematically deals with several imaginary opponents under

various assumptions, using every available attacking and blocking tool from

different directions. Thus pattern practice enables the student to go through

many fundamental movements in series, to develop sparring techniques,

improve flexibility of movements, master body shifting, build muscles and

breath control, develop fluid and smooth motions, and gain rythmical

movements.

It also enables a student to acquire certain special techniques which

cannot be obtained from either fundamental exercises or sparring. In short, a

pattern can be compared to unit tactics or a word, if fundamental movement is

an individual soldier's training or alphabet. Accordingly, pattern, the ledger of

every movement, is a series of sparring, power tests, feats and characteristic

beauty.

Though sparring may merely indicate that an opponent is more or less

advanced, patterns are a more critical barometer in evaluating an individual's

technique.

The following points should be considered while performing patterns: 1. Pattern should begin and end at exactly the same spot. This will indicate the performer's accuracy.

154

2. Correct posture and facing must be maintained at all times.

3. Muscles of the body should be either tensed or relaxed at the proper

critical moments in the exercise.

4. The exercise should be performed in a rhythmic movement with an

absence of stiffness.

5. Movement should be accelerated or decelerated according to the

instructions in this book.

. Each pattern should be perfected before moving to the next.

. Students should know the purpose of each movement.

. Students should perform each movement with realism.

. Attack and defense techniques should be equally distributed among

right and left hands and feet.

oon DD

All patterns in this book are performed under the assumption the student is

facing ”О” (see pattern diagrams).

There are a total of twenty-four patterns in Taekwon-Do. The reason for 24 Patterns: The life of a human being, perhaps 100 years, can be considered as a day

when compared with eternity, Therefore, we mortals are no more than simple

travellers who pass by the eternal years of an aeon in a day.

It is evident that no one can live more than a limited amount of time.

Nevertheless, most people foolishly enslave themselves to materialism as if

they could live for thousands of years. And some people strive to bequeath a

good spiritual legacy for coming generations, in this way, gaining immortality.

Obviously, the spirit is perpetual while material is not. Therefore, what we can

do to leave behind something for the welfare of mankind is, perhaps, the most

important thing in our lives.

Here | leave Taekwon-Do for mankind as a trace of man of the late 20th

century,

The 24 patterns represent 24 hours, one day, or all my life.

155

CHON-JI:

DAN-GUN:

DO-SAN:

WON-HYO:

YUL-GOK:

JOONG-GUN:

TOI-GYE:

156

THE INTERPRETATIONS OF PATTERNS

The name of the pattern, the number of movements, and the

diagrammatic symbol of each pattern symbolizes either heroic

figures in Korean history or instances relating to historical

events.

means literally “the Heaven the Earth”. It is, in the Orient,

interpreted as the creation of the world or the beginning of

human history, therefore, it is the initial pattern played by the

beginner. This pattern consists of two similar parts; one to

represent the Heaven and the other the Earth.

is named after the holy Dan-Gun, the legendary founder of

Korea in the year of 2,333 B.C.

is the pseudonym of the patriot Ann Chang-Ho (1876-1938).

The 24 movements represent his entire life which he devoted to

furthering the education of Korea and its independence

movement.

was the noted monk who introduced Buddhism to the Silla

Dynasty in the year of 686 A.D.

is the pseudonym of a great philosopher and scholar Yil (1536-

1584) nicknamed the Confucius of Korea”. The 38 movements

of this pattern refer to his birthplace on 38° latitude and the

diagram (+-) represents “scholar”.

is named after the patriot Ann Joong-Gun who assassinated

Hiro-Bumi Ito, the first Japanese governor-general of Korea,

known as the man who played the leading part in the Korea-

Japan merger. There are 32 movements in this pattern to

represent Мг. Ahn’s age when he was executed at Lui-Shung

prison (1910).

is the pen name of the noted scholar Yi Hwang (16th century),

an authority on neo-Confucianism. The 37 movements of the

pattern refer to his birthplace оп 37° latitude, the diagram (=-)

represents “scholar”.

НМ/А-ВАМС:

CHOONG-MOO:

KWANG-GAE:

PO-EUN:

GE-BAEK:

EUI-AM:

CHOONG-JANG:

is named after the Hwa-Rang youth group which originated in

the Silla Dynasty in the early 7th century. The 29 movements

refer to the 29th Infantry Division, where Taekwon-Do de-

veloped into maturity.

was the name given to the great Admiral Yi Soon-Sin of the Yi

Dynasty. He was reputed to have invented the first armoured

battleship (Kobukson) in 1592, which is said to be the precursor

of the present day submarine. The reason why this pattern ends

with a left hand attack is to symbolize his regrettable death,

having no chance to show his unrestrained potentiality checked

by the forced reservation of his loyalty to the king.

is named after the famous Gwang-Gae-Toh-Wang, the 19th

King of the Koguryo Dynasty, who regained all the lost

territories including the greater part of Manchuria. The diagram

(+) represents the expansion and recovery of lost territory. The

39 movements refer to the first two fiqures of 391 A.D., the year

he came to the throne.

is the pseudonym of a loyal subject Chong Mong-Chu (1400)

who was a famous poet and whose роет “| would not serve а

second master though | might be crucified a hundred times” is

known to every Korean. He was also a pioneer in the field of

physics. The diagram (—) represents his unerring loyalty to the

king and country towards the end of the Koryo Dynasty.

is named after Ge-Baek, a great general in the Baek Je Dynasty

(660 A.D.). The diagram (Г) represents his severe and strict

military discipline.

is the pseudonym of Son Byong Hi, leader of the Korean

independence movement on March 1, 1919. The 45 movements

refer to his age when he changed the name of Dong Hak

(Oriental Culture) to Chondo Kyo (Heavenly Way Religion) in

1905. The diagram (1) represents his indomitable spirit, dis-

played while dedicating himself to the prosperity of his nation.

is the pseudonym given to General Kim Duk Ryang who lived

during the Yi Dynasty, 14th century. This pattern ends with a

157

CHOI-YONG:

YON-GAE:

158

JUCHE:

SAM-IL:

OO-SIN:

UL-JI:

left-hand attack to symbolize the tragedy of his death at 27 in

prison before he was able to reach full maturity.

is a philosophical idea that man is the master of everything and

decides everything, in other words, the idea that man is the

master of the world and his own destiny. It is said that this idea

was rooted in Baekdu Mountain which symbolizes the spirit of

the Korean people. The diagram (Ш) represents Baekdu

Mountain.

denotes the historical date of the independence movement of

Korea which began throughout the country on March 1, 1919.

The 33 movements in the pattern stand for the 33 patriots who

planned the movement.

is named after General Kim Yoo Sin, a commanding general

during the Silla Dynasty. The 68 movements refer to the last two

figures of 668 A.D. the year Korea was united. The ready posture

signifies a sword drawn on the right rather than left side,

symbolizing Yoo Sin’s mistake of following his king's orders to

fight with foreign forces against his own nation.

is named after General Choi Yong, Premier and Commander-in-

Chief of the Armed forces during the 14th century Koryo

Dynasty. Choi Yong was greatly respected for his loyalty,

patriotism, and humility. He was executed by his subordinate

commanders headed by General Yi Sung Gae, who later

become the first king of the Yi Dynasty.

is named after a famous general during the Koguryo Dynasty,

Yon Gae Somoon. The 49 movements refer to the last two

figures of 649 A.D., the year he forced the Tang Dynasty to quit

Korea after destroying nearly 300,000 of their troops at Ansi

Sung.

is named after general Ul-Ji Moon Dok who successfully

defended Korea against a Tang's invasion force of nearly one

million soldiers led by Yang Je in 612 A.D., Ul-Ji employing hit

and run guerilla tactics, was able to decimate a large percentage

of the force. The diagram (7.) represents his surname. The 42

movements represent the author's age when he designed the

pattern.

MOON-MOO: _ honors the 30th king of the Silla Dynasty. His body was buried

near Dae Wang Am (Great King’s Rock). According to his will,

the body was placed in the sea ‘Where my soul shall forever

defend my land against the Japanese.” It is said that the Sok Gul

Am (Stone Cave) was built to guard his tomb. The Sok Gul Am

is a fine example of the culture of the Silla Dynasty. The 61

movements in this pattern symbolize the last two figures of 661

A.D. when Moon Moo came to the throne.

SO-SAN: _ is the pseudonym of the great monk Choi Hyong Ung (1520-

1604) during the Yi Dynasty. The 72 movements refer to his age

when he organized a corps of monk soldiers with the assistance

of his pupil Sa Myung Dang. The monk soldiers helped repulse

the Japanese pirates who overran most of the Korean peninsula

in 1592.

SE-JONG: _ isnamed after the greatest Korean king, Se-Jong, who invented

the Korean alphabet in 1443, and was also a noted meteorol-

ogist. The diagram (2) represents the king, while the 24

movements refer to the 24 letters of the Korean alphabet.

TONG-IL: denotes the resolution of the unification of Korea which has

been divided since 1945. The diagram (I) symbolizes the

homogenous race.

Since each pattern has a close relationship with the fundamental exercise,

students, therefore, should practice the patterns according to the following

graduation to attain the maximum results with the least effort.

159

МАМЕ OF TUL RANK ORDER OF BELT

CHON-JI ....... 9THGUP....... WHITE/YELLOW STRIPE

DAN-GUN....... STH GUP 5 a eves YELLOW

DO-SAN........ CAM ОУР: ocx коне YELLOW/GREEN STRIPE

WON-HYO ...... 6THGUP....... GREEN

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SPARRING (matsogi)

Sparring is the physical application of attack and defence techniques

gained from pattern and fundamental exercise against an actual moving

Opponent or opponents under various situations. It is, therefore, not only

inseparable from pattern and fundamental movement but also indispensable to

promote the fighting spirit and courage, to train the eyes, to read the

opponent's tactic and manoeuvers, to forge the attacking and blocking tools,

to test his or her own skills and ability and to learn other movements hardly to

be gained from pattern or fundamental exercise.

SYSTEM OF SPARRING (Matsogi Jedo)

Sparring is classified into pre-arranged, semi-free, free, foot technique,

model and pre-arranged free sparring with the following sub-catagories.

3-step alone

with companion

pre-arranged — — — — 2-step

1-step

semi-free

1:1

1:2

Sparring - - - free. - —-——— a 2:2

other combinations

foot technique

model

1:1

pre-arranged free --- 1:2

other combinations

161

SELF-DEFENSE TECHNIQUES

(Hosin Sool)

These techniques are not only the most interesting in Taekwon-Do but

also the most advanced. They are, in every sense, for practical self-defense.

These techniques are the logical application of various motions acquired from

patterns, sparring, and fundamental movements to be used against a sudden

attack by an armed or unarmed opponent.

The defender must know how to make use of his opponent's momentum

and force while utilizing his or her dynamic and reflexive actions against a

momentarily undefended target. Certainly, these self-defense techniques can

only be effective if the student takes the time to constantly train with them

under realistic conditions.

162

Gen. Choi gives specific directions of each movement

for photographs to be used in this encyclopedia.

163

MODEL SPARRING (Mobum Matsogi)

The primary purpose of this sparring is to show the spectator the agility

and skill of the demonstrator and the physical application of every single

movement. This is normally accomplished with repetition of the same

movement in a slow motion.

The role of the counterpart in the demonstration is to provide a precise

target upon which the demonstrator acts. The distance between the players

can be adjusted freely by the demonstrator, and the counterpart executes only

one blow that is prearranged during each display.

ААААСРААМ—— В Direction Diagram.

X: Counterpart

У: Domonstrator

Ready posture

X: Left walking stance with

forearm low block

Y: Parallel ready stance

X: Right walking stance

middle punch

У. Right walking stance

forearm front block.

У: Right L-stance side elbow

thrust in a sliding motion.

Y: Back fist side back strike,

maintaining the same

stance.

Y: Flying side piercing kick

while dodging to B.

165

X: Right walking stance high punch

У: Left rear foot stance right

forearm inward block.

У: Right middle knuckle fist high

punch, maintaining the same

stance

Y: Left fist upset punch while form-

ing a right walking stance, slip-

ping the right foot

Y: Flying front snap

kick with the right

foot while dodging

to В.

166

Х; Sitting stance right knife-hand high

side strike.

У: Sitting stance palm pushing block,

moving the left foot t AC

У: Middle punch with the right fist, main-

taining the same stance.

У: High punch with the left fist, maintain-

ing the same stance.

У: Reverse hooking kick with the right

foot,

167

~ X: Right walking stance middle obverse punch

У: Middle hooking kick with the left foot.

У: Lower the left foot in front of the right

foot.

Y: High side turning kick

with the right ball of

the foot.

У: Low front snap kick with

the right ball of the foot,

У: Back fist side strike while forming an X-stance in a

jumping motion.

168

X: Right walking stance high punch

Y: Middle front checking kick with the left foot.

У: Lower the left foot to the right foot.

Y: Middle side piercing kick with the right foot.

Y: High side piercing kick with the right foot.

X: X-stance back fist high side strike.

у: Middle side piercing kick with the right foot.

Y: Lower the right foot in front of the left foot.

Y: Middle side turning kick with the left instep.

Y: High reverse turning kick with the right foot.

170

X: Right walking stance middle punch.

У: Middle crescent kick with the left foot.

Y: Middle side piercing kick with the left

foot.

У: High side piercing kick with the same foot.

У: Lower the left foot in front of the right

foot.

У: Flying reverse hooking

kick with the right foot.

171

X: Low front snap kick with the

right foot.

Y: Side checking kick with the

left foot.

Y: High side piercing kick with

the left foot.

У: Lower the left foot to the right

foot forming a left bending

ready stance В.

Y: Middle baek piercing kick

with the right foot.

У: X-stance right knife-hand

high side strike in astamping

motion,

172

X: Walking stance middle punch with the right fist.

Y: Front rising kick with the left foot.

У: Lower the left foot behind the right foot.

У: Flying side piercing kick with the right foot

Y: Again flying side piercing kick with the same foot.

173

X: Middle side piercing kick

with the right foot,

У: Middle outside crescent

kiek with the left foot.

У: High side piercing kick

with the left foot.

Y: Lower the left foot to the

right foot.

Y: Flying turning kick with

the right foot.

У: Flying reverse turning kick

with a left ball of the foot

174

X: Middle side piercing kick

with the right foot.

У: Middle outside hooking

kick with the right foot.

У: Middle side piercing kick

with the right foot.

Y: Lower the right foot behind

the left foot.

У: Flying reverse turning kick

with the right ball of the

foot,

175

У: Flying front punch with

the right fist.

У: Flying upset punch again

with the right fist.

У: Land on the same spot

while forming a close

stance.

У: Flying side front kick with

the right foot while dodg-

ing w B.

X: Right L-stance middle ге-

verse punch,

У: Middle crescent kick with

the right foot.

Y: Middle twisting kick with

the right foot.

У: Middle side piercing kick

again with the right foot.

У: Flying side piercing kick

with the right foot while

dodging to О.

Y: Right back fist downward

strike while flying and

then an X-stance.

177

X: Right walking stance

middle punch with the

right fist.

у: Middle hooking kick with

the right foot.

У: Skip side piercing kick with

the right foot.

У: Lower the right foot to the

left foot.

Y: Flying vertical kick with

the right reverse

footsword.

178

X: High reverse turning kick

with the right foot.

Y: Sitting stance twin straight

knife-hand checking

block toward С

Y: Inward vertical kick with a

right footsword

У: Lower the right foot to

form a left rear foot

stance.

У: High reverse turning kick

with the left foot.

У: Right L-stance left knife-

hand side strike in a stam-

ping motion.

179

X: Right walking stance fat fingertip high thrust.

у: Sitting stance toward С while executing a knife-hand

W- shape block.

у: Flying side punch with the

left fist.

Y: Again flying side punch

with the same fist,

У: Flying reverse turning kick

with the right foot.

Y: Land to A, forming a parallel

stance toward С.

X: Middle side piercing kick with the right foot.

У; Dodge to В, forming a left rear foot stance.

Y: Flying triple side piercing kick with the right foot.

181

У: Land to A forming a left rear foot

stance.

У: Flying tripe turning kick

with the right foot and

then land to A forming а

left L-stance.

У: Piek-shape kick with the

left back heel.

182

APPLICATION OF PATTERN

In demonstration the same pattern is usually repeated against moving

opponents to make the spectators aware of its purpose and meaning. For

example pattern EUI-AM.

A B The demonstrator is starting from A ready

>< stance on line АВ facing D

Demonstrator has been faced by opponents

183

tes are

FL, re

р Ne | 4) й

186

The demonstrator has eliminated all the opponents.

193

194

Taekwon-Do in Chinese Characters

PRE-ARRANGED FREE SPARRING ( Yaksok Jayu Matsogi)

This is simulated free sparring. That is, the participants follow a prepared

scenario that enables them to skillfully exhibit a wide variety of techniques

without fear or injury.

Prearranged free sparring is visually impressive and useful for introducing

the Taekwon-Do style of fighting to an audience. И 15, therefore, idea! for

demonstrations

DIRECTION DIAGRAM

| SET NO. 1

READY POSTURE

Х: Shifting to A, maintaining the same

posture,

У: Sitting st. toward С ving the left X: Right L-stance toward B. tert a peel aaa lee aie ь foot to А У: Left rear foot stance toward A.

195

Х: Flying side piereing kick with the right

foot and then land to В, forming а left

L-stance.

у: Dodging to В in Nying motion, spinning

clockwise.

Х: Right L-stance toward В.

У: Left L-stance toward А.

Y: Flying side strike with a right knife-

hand and then land to A, forming a

sitting stance.

X: Close stance side front block with the

inner forearm, pulling the right foot.

X: Flying reverse turning kick with the

right foot while dodging to A.

Y: Shifting to B, maintaining the same

posture.

X: Left L-stance toward В.

У: Right rear foot stance toward A,

moving the right foot to В.

X: Jumping to В, spinning clockwise and then an L-stance toward А.

Y: Reverse hooking kick with the right foot and then a right rear foot stance

toward В.

197

У: X-stance knife-hand side strike in а

jumping motion,

X: Neck is attacked.

у: Right back fist high side strike while

dodging to С.

X: Dodging to D in a sliding motion,

forming a left L-stance toward С.

X: Flying reverse turning

kick with the right

foot.

У: Left walking stance

straight twin knife-

hand checking block

toward А.

У: Upset punch in a shifting motion while

maintaining a left walking stance.

X: Floating ribs are attacked

Х: Flying reverse turning kick with the right foot while dodging to A and then a

right L-stance toward B.

Y: Left L-stance toward A, moving the left foot to B.

У: Skip middle side piercing kick.

X: Shifting to A, maintaining the same

stance,

Y: Skip high side thrusting kick with the

same foot in succession.

X: Philtrum is attacked.

X: Sliding to A, forming a right rear foot

stance toward В.

Y: Lower the right foot to B forming a

right rear foot stance toward A.

199

X: Flying vertical kick with the right footsword and then a left L-stance toward В.

У: Moving the left foot to В, forming a left L-stance toward А.

X: High turning kick with a right instep

and then a close stance.

У: Face is attacked.

У: Flying front kick while dodging to В

and then a left L-Stance.

X: Moving the left foot to the rear,

X: Flying reverse hooking kick with the

right foot and then a left L-stance.

У: Left L-stance toward А.

У: Pick-shape kick with a left back heel

and then a left L-stance.

X: Left Walking Stance twin palm rising

block.

У: Left L-stance toward A.

у: Flying front punch and upset punch in

suceession with the right fist.

X: Philtrum and solar plexus is attacked.

X: Left rear foot stance right middke

knuckle fist punch.

У: Flying middle turning kick with a right

instep while dodging to B.

201

READY POSTURE

SET NO. 2

X: Right rear foot stance toward В,

Y: Left L-stance toward A.

X: Sliding to A, forming а left L-stance

toward В.

У: Moving the left foot to A, forming a

right rear foot stance toward А.

У: Mid-air kick with the right foot while

spinning 180 degrees.

Х: Shifting to A, maintaining the same

posture,

У: Left L-stance toward А.

g stance toward С, moving the left

foot to A.

X: Flying side punch with the right fist.

У: Flying reverse turning kick with the left

foot,

X: Right L-stance.

У: Sitting stance.

Y: Sliding to A, forming a right L-stance.

X: Left rear foot stance, moving the left foot to A.

X: Middle twisting kick with the right ball

of the foot.

У: The solar plexus is attacked

X: Lower the right foot to B, forming a left

stance.

У: Shifting to В, forming а right rear foot

stance toward A.

203

Y: Flying side piercing kick with the right foot, and then land to A, forming а

left L-stanee toward А.

X: Jumping to B, forming a right L-stance toward A.

У: Back piercing kick with the right foot.

X: Solar plexus is attacked while moving

т.

X: Jumping to В

У: High reverse turning kick with the left

foot.

X: Right L-stance toward А.

У: Right rear-foot stance toward В,

204

У: Flying reverse hooking kick with the right foot and then a left L-stance

toward В.

Х: Shifting to B, maintaining the same stance.

: Solar plexus is attacked.

У: Flying vertical kick with the left foot-

sword and then a right L-stance.

X: Sliding to С, forming a left rear foot

stance toward D.

X: Back fist high side strike and knife-hand side strike in succession while

flying.

Y: Temple and neck are attacked.

X: Left L-stance toward D.

У: Left rear foot stance toward С.

У: Flying side piercing kick with the right

foot while dodging to A and then a left

L-stance toward В.

X: Left walking stance toward A.

X: Flying front kiek with the right foot

while dodging to В.

Y: Lefi rear foot stance toward B, pulling

the right foot.

206

Note To give а clear view of the tech-

niques the photos are taken from

various angles

SET NO. 3

READY POSTURE

X: Right L-stance toward В.

Y: Right L-stance toward A.

У: Flying double side piercing kick with

the right foot,

X: Shifting to A, maintaining the same

posture.

wr ke X: Mid-air kick 360 degree

with the right foot and

then a right L-stance.

у: Sliding to ВЮ form a right

rear foot stance toward A.

X: Left L-stance toward В.

У: Left L-stance toward A,

207

sd. eee

X: Flying reverse turning kick with the left ball of the foot and then a right L-

stance toward В.

У: Jumping to В, spinning counter-clockwise to form a right walking stance

toward A.

X: Skip middle side piercing kick with the

left foot and then a sitting stance

toward D.

У: Right rear foot stance both palms down-

ward block, pulling the left foot.

У: Skip middle side piercing kick with the

right foot.

X: Jumping to A, spinning counter-

clockwise.

У: Downward kick with the

right foot and then a left

L-stance toward A.

X: Shifting to A, maintaining

the same posture,

X: Right L-stance toward В.

Y: Right L-stance toward A.

X: Flying reverse turning

kick with the right foot.

Y: Jumping to B, spinning

clockwise,

X; Right L-stance toward А.

У: Left L-stance toward В.

X: Flying vertical kick with a right reverse

footsword.

Y: Sliding to D forming a right rear foot

stance.

X: Right L-stance toward 0.

У: Right rear foot stance

toward С. 15

209

У: Flying high reverse turning kick with a right back heel.

X: Left X-stance twin straight forearm checking block.

X: Upset punch with the right fist, main-

taining the same posture.

У: Floating ribs are attacked.

20 X: Jumping to В.

У: Right knife-hand side strike while

flying to A.

X: Right L-stance toward A

У: Lift L-stance toward В.

Photo taken from С.

Photo taken from В.

X: Flying double side punch

with the left fist.

Y: Philtrum is attacked.

У: Right knife-hand double side strike

while flying.

X: Neck artery is attacked.

а ы ~ ——-щыщ

- an

X: Sitting stance toward С, slipping the

ght foot

У: Right walking stance, moving the left

foot.

X: Right L-stance toward А.

у: Right rear foot stance toward В.

211

У: Flying reverse turning kick with the

right foot while dodging to A.

X: Sitting stance toward С, slipping the

right foot.

X: Right rear foot stance toward A, pul-

ling the left foot.

У: Left L-stance toward В.

У: Flying side piercing kick with the right

foot.

X: Flying crescent kick with the left foot.

. : Photo taken from В. X: Left walking stance high punch with the right fist. У: Right walking stance

knife-hand side block.

X: Right L-stance toward A.

У: Left L-stance toward В.

SCENARIO FOR 1:2 (X:YZ)

SET NO. 1

READY POSTURE

X: Parallel ready stance toward В.

У: Right L-stance toward X.

7: Right rear foot stance toward X.

У: Right walking stance high punch with

the right fist.

X: Parallel stance front block with the left

outer forearm.

X: Upset punch with the right fist while

forming a left walking stance, moving

the left foot to B.

Y: Solar plexus is attacked.

X: Vertieal kiek with а left

footsword.

Y: Sliding to A, forming a left

L-stance,

Z: Middle side piercing kick

with the right foot.

X: Crescent kiek with the left

foot.

X: Side piercing kick with the

left foot.

Z: Armpit is attacked.

X: Left back fist high side strike while

forming a left X-stance in a jumping

motion.

Y:Sliding to BC, forming a left L-stance.

X: Flying reverse turning kick with the right foot and then a right L-stance

toward D.

У: Jumping to D, turning clockwise to form a left L-stance toward С. Z: Sliding to A, forming a left rear foot stance toward С.

214

X: Flying reverse hooking kick, turning kick consecutively with the right foot

and then a right L-stance.

У: Shifting to AD maintaining the same posture, Z: Shifting to BD maintaining the same posture.

X: Two direction kick (side-twisting ) and then jumping to С forming a right L-

stance toward D.

Z: Philtrum is attacked. Shifting to В forming a left L-stance toward Х.

X: Parellel stance outer forearm parallel block,

У: Mid-air strike with a left knife-hand.

Z: Flying middle turning kick with the left foot.

215

X: Horizontal strike with both knife-

hands while flying.

У: Sliding to В. 7: Sliding to A

X: Right rear foot stance.

у: Right L-stance.

Z: Right rear foot stance.

X: Turning kick with the right foot and

then a right L-stance toward A.

У: Shifting to A, forming a left L-stance, Z: Sliding to A, forming a left L-stance.

Photo taken from A.

Z: Reverse turning kick with the right

foot.

У: Flying turning kick with the the right

foot,

X: Sitting stance inner forearm parallel

block, moving the right foot,

216

Z: Flying side kick while dodging to AC. X: Reverse turning kick with the right

foot.

У; Sliding to AD.

Photo taken from B.

У: Left L-stanece.

X: Right L-stance.

X: Middle twisting kick with the right foot

and then a turning kick consecutively

with the same foot.

7: Solar plexus is attacked while executing

a front strike with a left reverse knife-

hand.

У: Philtrum is attacked while executing a

side strike with a right knife-hand.

: Sliding to B, forming a

right L-stance.

217

X: Flying reverse turning kick with the right foot and then а left L-

stance toward В.

Y: Mid-air kick with the right foot while spinning 180 degrees, and then a left L-

stance.

X: Flying hooking kick with the right foot and then a left L-stance toward D.

X: Flying front kick with the left foot and then a right L-stance toward О.

Z: Solar is attacked.

218

X: Flying U-shape punching-side kick, and then а right L-stance toward 0.

Z: Solar plexus is attacked.

Y: Philtrum is attacked.

У: Flying turning kick with the right foot.

Z; Flying side kick with the right foot.

Х; Sliding to С forming a right rear foot stance toward 0.

219

SET NO. 2

X; Left walking — stance

toward А.

У: Left rear foot stance

toward В.

READY POSTURE 7: Right L-Stance toward В.

Z: Middle side piercing kick with the left У: Low front snap kick with the left foot.

foot and then a left L-stance toward В. X: Low block with the right knife-hand.

Х: Left walking stance, left double fore-

arm block.

X: Turning kick with the right foot and then a right L-stance toward AD.

Z: Jumping to В, forming a right L-Stance toward Х.

У: Jumping to С, forming a left L-Stance.

220

У: Flying side piercing kick with the right foot.

Z: Flying reverse turning kick with the right foot.

У: Jumping to BC, maintaining a right L-stance toward AD.

Х; Flying double punch with the right fist and then a close stance.

У: Jumping to BC, spinning counter-clockwise to form a right L-stance toward Х.

Z: Philtrum is attacked,

Z: Flying side piercing

kick with the right

foot while dodging

to D and then a left

L-Stance.

X: Sliding to B, forming

а КИ L-stance

toward Х,

221

Х: Skip middle twisting kick with the right

foot and then a left L-stanee toward С.

Y: Flying reverse turning kick with the

right foot while dodging to С.

Z: Mid-air kick with the right foot while

spinning 360 degrees and then a left L-

stance toward Х.

У: Sliding to С, forming a left rear foot

stance toward X.

7: Changing into a right L-stance toward

X; Flying vertical kick with a right footsword and then a left L-stance toward D.

14 Z: Right rear foot stance toward X, pulling the left foot. 16

X: Twin foot side piereing kick while gras-

ping the shoulder.

У: Chest and solar plexus are attacked.

X: Flying side strike with a right knife-

hand while dodging to B, and then a

left L-stance toward А.

Z: Bridge of nose is attacked

X: Flying middle twisting kick with a twin

foot and then a sitting stance toward

У; Solar plexus is attacked, Z: Sliding to В, to form a right rear foot

stance,

223

¥: Flying side piercing kick with the right foot and then a left L-stance toward

7: Flying reverse turning kick with the right foot and then а left L-stance

toward X.

X: Knife-hand W-shape block while maintaining a sitting stance toward A.

23 : *

X: Flying vertical kick with a right reverse

footsword and then a right walking

ready stance toward BD.

Z: Solar plexus is attacked.

Y: Jumping to BC, forming a left L-stance

toward Х.

X: Pick-shape kick with the right back heel

and then a right rear foot stance.

Z: Sliding to В, forming a right rear foot

stance toward Х.

X: Right side elbow thrust to В while

forming aright L-stance toward А ina

sliding motion.

Z: Sliding to BC, forming a left L-stance У: Jumping to С, forming a left L-stance.

224

X: Back piereing kick with the left foot, and then lower it to В.

Z: Solar plexus is attacked.

У: Jumping to A forming а sitting stance toward С.

Z: Flying reverse turning kick with the right foot

and then a left L-stance toward A.

У: Flying middle turning kick with the left foot and

then a left L-stance toward B.

X: Outer forearm parallel block while forming a left walking stance moving the right foot to С.

X: Horizontal strike with both knife-

hands while forming a close stance

bringing the right foot.

У: Sliding to A, forming a left rear foot

stance.

Z: Shifting to B, maintaining the same

posture.

225

У: Flying side strike with the right knife-hand and then a left L-stance.

7: Flying side strike with the right knife-hand and then a left L-stance.

X: Jumping to A, spinning counter-clockwise to form a right L-stance.

: Flying front punch and upset punch

: Sliding to BC maintaining the same

: Solar plexus is attacked.

X: Flying turning kick with the left instep

and then a left L-stance.

У: Sliding to A turning clockwise forming

posture. a right rear foot stance.

Z: Right L-stance, moving the right foot

consecutively with the right fist.

to B.

226

Z: Flying side kick with the right foot and then a left

L-stance.

Y: Flying middle side front snap kick with the left

foot and then a left L-stance.

X: Sliding to BD, forming a left rear foot stance

toward С and then a left walking stance toward

AC moving the right foot.

у: Flying side strike with the right knife-

hand.

Х: Jumping to AC forming a left L-stance

toward D.

Z: Left L-stance toward X moving the

right foot.

X: Two direction kick (front-back).

Y: Solar plexus is attacked.

Z: Solar plexus is attacked.

227

SAMPLE OF SELF-DEFENCE TECHNIQUES (Нозт Sool Kyon Bon)

У: Side back strike with

the right back fist.

Х: Philtrum is attacked.

у: Sitting stance back elbow thrust,

moving the right foot.

X: Philtrum is attacked

У: Vertical kick with a right reverse footsword and then pressing the face with

the same foot while pulling the opponent's left arm.

X: Falling down,

X: Holding the waist from the front.

У: Twist the face counter-clockwise with both hands and

then front strike with a right back fist while flying away

X: Holding the waist from the rear. Y: Stamping the right instep with a right back sole and then a

reverse turning kick with the left foot while flying

away.

X: Grabbing both shoulders with both hands from the front.

Y: Front snap kick with the right knee and then skip high

side piercing kick with the right foot.

X: Grabbing the handbag with the right hand.

У: Middle turning kick and then a high reverse turning kick

with the right foot consecutively.

230

X: Grabbing both arms from the front.

У: Front snap kick with the right instep.

У: Left rear foot stance, high punch with the right

middle knuckle fist.

X: Philtrum is attacked.

Y: Vertical kick with a left footsword while dodging to

the rear.

X: Face is attacked,

231

X: Resting the right arm on the shoulder,

Y: Middle twisting kick with the left knee.

Y: Lowering the left foot to B.

у: Middle turning kick with the right foot

while flying away.

X: Temple is attacked.

232

У: Grabbing the right arm with both

hands,

X: Right walking stance left upper elbow

strike moving the left foot and then a

high thrust with a right Nat fingertip

while flying away.

X: Grabbing the right wrist with the left

hand.

У: Pressing kick and skip middle side

piercing kick consecutively with the

right foot.

233

X: Grabbing the right arm with the right hand

Y: Left walking stance right front elbow strike and then

flying front snap kick while dodging to the rear.

X: Grabbing both hands from the rear,

Y: Back piercing kick with the right foo $ then a right X-

stance, right back fist side strike in a jumping motion.

234

У: sitting stance left back

elbow thrust, moving the

left foot

X: Holding the waist with the

right arm from the side.

Y: Side piercing kick with the left

foot while flying away.

Y: Landing to form a right L-stance

toward X.

X: Left walking stance toward Y, moving

the right foot

Y: Left X-stance left back fist high side

strike in a jumping motion.

REMARKS

Refer to the self-defence technique section in

volume No. 14 of this encyclopedia as to releasing

motions, breaking methods, defence against an

armed opponent, throwing and falling techniques.

235

COMPOSITION OF TAEKWON-DO

(Taekwon-Do Goosong)

Taekwon-Do is composed of fundamental movements, patterns, dallyon,

sparring and self-defence techniques that are so closely related that it is

impossible to segregate one phase of instruction from another.

Fundamental movements are necessary for sparring and patterns while

both patterns and sparring are indispensable for the perfection of fundamental

movements.

In the illustration, one can see it is difficult to distinguish the beginning of

the cycle from the end. There is, in fact, like the deity, no beginning or end. A

student will find that he will have to return time and time again to the beginning

fundamental movements to perfect his advanced sparring and self-defence

techniques.

Each fundamental movement, in most cases represents attack or defense

against a particular target area or definite action of an imaginary opponent or

opponents. It is necessary to learn as many fundamental movements as

possible and fit them into complete proficiency so the student can meet any

situation in actual combat with confidence. The pattern actually places the

student in a hypothetical situation where he must avail himself to defense,

counter-attack, and attack motions against several! opponents.

Through constant practise of these patterns, the attack and defense

become a conditioned reflex movement. Power and accuracy must be

developed to such a high degree that only one single blow is needed to stop an

opponent, so the student can shift stance and block or attack another

opponent. Each pattern is different from the other in order to develop reaction

against changing circumstances.

236

Once the basic patterns are mastered, the student then begins to

physically apply the skill obtained from fundamental movements and patterns

to sparring against actual moving opponents.

Collaterally with sparring, the student must begin to develop his body and

toughen his attacking and blocking tools so he is able to deliver maximum

damage in actual combat. Once a student has applied himself to fundamental

movements, patterns, sparring, and dallyon, then the time has arrived for the

student to test his coordination, speed, balance, and concentration against

spontaneous attacks; i.e., self-defence. The student will constantly find himself

returning, however, to his fundamental movements even when he has

achieved the highest possible degree of proficiency in self-defence tech-

niques. As in military training, Taekwon-Do progression follows a certain

parallel:

237

лэяргоь-

. Fundamental Movements =Individual solidier’s basic training

. Dallyon

. Patterns . Sparring . Self-defense

=Maintenance of equipment. =Platoon tactics. =Field exercise in simulated combat conditions

=Actual combat

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Cycle of Taekwon-Do (Soonhwan Do)

International Tackwon-Do Federation Flag.

Recognition Plaque

It takes the shape of a turtle which symbolizes longevity. The six

colours represent the colours of the belts.

239

LIFETIME MEMBERSHIP CARD

Pins

Black Belt Holder

Grade Holder

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

As one of the closest associates of the author and having learned this art

from him during our imprisonment under the Japanese occupation, | might be

deserving to write about the life of the author.

First of all, it must be said about the author, that he has given so much

devotion to this art, that the man, his life and his work are one, He has

developed and brought the little-known ancient genre up-to-date through the

long years of assiduous, zealous application and firm resolution. If Taekwon-

Do today has gained international status, it is because of the tireless efforts of

one man—the father of modern Taekwon-do.

General Choi Hong Hi was born in the rugged and harsh area of Hwa Dae,

Myong Chun District in what is now North Korea. In his youth, he was frail and

quite sickly, a constant source of worry for his parents. Even at an early age,

however, the future general showed a strong and independent spirit.

At the age of twelve he was expelled from school for agitating against the

Japanese authorities who were in control of Korea. This was the beginning of

what would be a long association with the Kwang Ju Students’ Independence

Movement.

After his expulsion, young Choi's father sent him to study calligraphy

under one of the most famous teachers in Korea, Mr. Нап И Dong. Han, т

addition to his skills as a calligrapher, was also a master of Taek Kyon, the

ancient Korean art of foot fighting. The teacher, concerned over the frail

condition of his new student, began teaching him the rigorous exercises of

Taek Kyon to help build up his body.

In 1937, Choi was sent to Japan to further his education. Shortly before

leaving, however, the youth had the misfortune to engage in a rather heated

argument with a massive professional wrestler who promised to literally tear

the youth limb from limb at their next encounter. This threat seemed to give a

new impetus to young Choi's training in the martial arts.

In Kyoto, Choi met a fellow Korean, Mr. Kim, who was engaged in

teaching the Japanese martial art, Karate. With two years of concentrated

training, Choi attained the rank of first degree black belt. These techniques,

241

together with Taek Kyon (foot techniques), were the forerunners of modern

Taekwon-Do.

There followed a period of both mental and physical training, preparatory

school, high school, and finally the University in Tokyo. During this time,

training and experimentation in his new fighting techniques were intensified

until, with attainment of his second degree black belt, he began teaching at a

YMCA in Tokyo, Japan.

Choi recounts a particular experience from this period of time: There was

no lamp-post in the city that he didn’t strike or kick to see if the copper wires

ahead were vibrating in protest.

“| would imagine that these were the techniques | would use to defend

myself against the wrestler, Mr. Hu, if he did attempt to carry out his promise to

tear me limb from limb when | eventually returned to Korea.”

With the outbreak of World War 11, the author was forced to enlist in the

Japanese army through no volition of his own. While at his post at Pyongyang,

North Korea, the author was implicated as the planner of the Korean

Independence Movement, known as the Pyongyang Student Soldiers’

Movement and interned at a Japanese prison during his eight month pretrial

examination.

Leaders of the student soldier's

movement.

Front row from the left. Mr. An Jin Young, Mr. Sung Wha

Park, Mr, Choi Hong Hi,

Mr. Kim Se Kyun, Mr. Kim

Young Chul.

Back row from the left, Mr. Choi Young Mo, Mr. Cho

Byung Hong, Mr. Choi Jung

Soop,

Mr. Chun Sang Yup, Mr. Kim

Yoon Yung.

17715,58.

242

While in prison, to alleviate the boredom and keep physically fit, Choi

began practising this art in the solitude of his cell. In a short time, his cellmate

and jailer became students of his. Eventually, the whole prison courtyard

became one gigantic gymnasium.

The liberation in August 1945 spared Choi from an imposed seven year

prison sentence. Following his release, the ex-prisoner journeyed to Seoul

where he organized a student soldier's party. In January of the following year,

Choi was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the new Korean army, the

“Launching Pad” for putting Taekwon-Do into a new orbit.

Soon after, he made company commander in Kwang-Ju where the young

second lieutenant lighted the torch of this art by teaching his entire company

and was then promoted to first lieutenant and transfered to Tae Jon in charge

of the Second Infantry Regiment. While at his new post, Choi began spreading

the art not only to Korean soldiers but also to the Americans stationed there.

This was the first introduction to Americans of what would eventually become

known as Taekwon-Do.

1947 was a year of fast promotion. Choi was promoted to captain and then

major. In 1948, he was posted to Seoul as the head of logistics and became

Taekwon-Do instructor for the American Military Police School there. In late

1948, Choi became a lieutenant colonel.

In 1949, Choi was promoted to full colonel and visited the United States

for the first time, attending the Fort Riley Ground General School. While there,

this art was introduced to the American public. And in 1951, brigadier general.

During this time, he organized the Ground General School in Pusan as

Assistant Commandant and Chief of the Academic Department. Choi was

appointed as Chief of Staff of the First Corps in 1952 and was responsible for

briefing General MacArthur during the latter's visits to Kang Nung. At the time

of the armistice, Choi was in command of the 5th Infantry Division.

The year 1953 was an eventful one for the General, in both his military

career and in the progress of the new martial art. He became the author of the

first authoritative book on military intelligence in Korea. He organized and

activated the crack 29th Infantry Division at Cheju Island, which eventually

became the spearhead of Taekwon-Do in the military and established the Oh

Do Kwan (Gym of My Way) where he succeeded not only in training the cadre

instructors for the entire military but also developing the Taek Kyon and Karate

244

245

techniques into а modern system of Taekwon-Do, with the help of Мг. Nam

Tae Hi, his right hand man in 1954.

In the latter part of that year, he commanded Chong Do Kwan (Gym of the

Blue Wave), the largest civilian gym in Korea; Choi was also promoted to major

general.

Technically, 1955 signalled the beginning of Taekwon-Do as a formally

recognized art in Korea. During that year, a special board was formed which

included leading master instructors, historians, and prominent leaders of

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society. Anumber of names for the new martial art were submitted. On the 11th

of April, the board summoned by Gen. Choi, decided on the name of Taekwon-

Do which had been submitted by him. This single unified name of Taekwon-

Do replaced the different and confusing terms; Dang Soo, Gong Soo, Taek

Kyon, Kwon Bup, etc

246

Session of Naming Board

Seated from the left, Mr. Yoo Hwa Chung;

Son Duk Sung, director of Chong Do Gym; Maj.

Gen. Choi Hong Hi, Commander of the 3rd

Military District; Gen. Le Hyung Kun, the Joint

Chiefs of Staff; Mr. Cho Kyung Kyu, the Vice

Speaker; Mr. Chung Dae Chun, Senator; Mr. Han

Chang Won, President of Political newspaper;

Mr. Chang Kyung Rok; Mr, Hong Soon Ho; Mr.

Ko Kwang Rae and Mr. Hyun Jong Myung. April

11th, 1955

Contents of the session;

Gen. Choi explains the meaning of

“Taekwon" both literally and technically.

Mr. Yoo says, “1 completely agree with the

name of Taekwon submitted by Maj. Gen. Choi

Hong Hi. | think, however, it would be utterly

significant that we have the approval from the

president, since giving a name to a martial art is

so important.”

All members unanimously agreed. During that year, the energetic general spread

Taekwon-Do to universities and military posts

throughout Korea. The third Military District

Command in Tae Jon became one of the main

centers for this new art. “=

247

In 1959, Taekwon-Do spread

beyond its national boundaries.

The father of Taekwon-Do and

nineteen of his top black belt

holders toured the Far East. The

tour was a major success, as-

tounding all spectators with the

excellence of the Taekwon-Do

techniques. Many of these

black belt holders such as

АНК S A a 1:

Nam Tae Hi, President of the Asia Taekwon-Do Federation; Colonel Ko Jae

Chun, the 5th Chief of Taekwon-Do instructors in Vietnam; Colonel Baek Joon

Gi, the 2nd Chief instructor in Vietnam; Brigadier Gen. Woo Jong Lim; Mr. Han

Cha Kyo, the Head Instructor in Singapore and Mr. Cha Soo Young, presently

an international instructor in Washington D.C. eventually went on to spread

the art to the world.

In this year, Choi was elevated to two illustrious posts; President of his

newly formed Korea Taekwon-Do Association and deputy commander of the

2nd Army in Tae Gu.

As announced in Dong-A

Newspaper; President, Gen.

Choi Hong Hi, Vice President,

Mr. No Byung Jik, Mr. Yun Kae

Byung.

Secretary General, Hwang Ki.

Standing Directors;

Mr. Hyun Jong Myung, Mr. Lee Nam Suk, Mr. Lee Jong Woo,

Mr. Ko Jae Chun and Mr. Lee Young Suk.

Directors; Mr. Um Un Kyu, Mr. Chong Chang Young, Mr. Bae Young Ki

and Mr. Nam Tae Hi. Auditors: Mr. Kim Soon Bae and Mr. Cho Byoung Shi.

248

The Korean Ambassador to Vietnam, General

Choi Duk Shin was instrumental in helping to

promote Taekwon-Do in this nation locked in a

death struggle with the communists. That same

year General Choi Hong Hi published his first

Korean text on Taekwon-Do, which became the

model for the 1965 edition.

Gen. Choi Duk Shin, the head

of the Chon Do Kyo, Heavenly

way Religion.

Gen. Choi pays a call to the

Demonstration team in Vietnam 1959. resident of Vietnam.

249

During that year, the General at-

tended the Modern Weapons

Familiarization Course in Texas fol-

lowed by a visit to Jhoon Rheés

Karate Club in San Antonio, where

the author convinced the students

to use the name Taekwon-Do _in-

stead of Karate. Thus Jhoon Rhee

is known as the first Taekwon-Do

instructor in America.

Group Photo of the Modern Weapons This marked the beginning of

aa ae aa Taekwon-Do in the United States

of America.

Choi returned to Korea as the Director of Intelligence of the Korean Army.

Later that same year, he assumed command of the Combat Armed Command

with direction of the infantry, artillery, armored, signal and aviation schools.

The years 1961 through 1962 were the years of maturation for both Choi's

military career and Taekwon-Do, with the command of the largest training

centers in Korea and the newly assigned command of the 6th Army Corps.

Taekwon-Do spread like wildfire, not only to the Korean civilian and

military population but to U_S. soldiers of the 7th Infantry division which was

under his operational control. Through his students, Taekwon-Do was even

introduced to the greatest military academy in the world, West Point.

Gen. Meloy, the 8th Army Commander,

visits Gen. Choi in 1961.

1962, Choi was appointed as

Ambassador to Malaysia, where, as а

dedicated missionary of Taekwon-

Do, the art was spread. In 1963, the

Taekwon-Do Association of

Malaysia was formed and reached

national acceptance when the art

d the Merdeka Ambassador Choi pays a call to the Prime

ved Фото . Е Minister, Tunku Abdul Rhaman with two

Stadium at the request of the Prime of his students in 1962.

Minister, Tunku Abdul Rhaman.

In June of 1963, two important milestones took place; the famous

demonstration at the United Nations building in New York, and the introduc-

tion of Taekwon-Do to the Armed Forces of Vietnam under Major Nam Tae Hi.

In February of the following year, a Taekwon-Do Association was formed in

Singapore, and the groundwork was laid for forming associations in the outer

teaches of Brunei.

In 1965 Ambassador Choi, retired two star general, was appointed by the

Government of the Republic of Korea to lead a goodwill mission to West

Germany, Italy, Turkey, United Arab Republic, Malaysia, and Singapore. This

trip is significant in that the Ambassador, for the first time in Korean history,

declared Taekwon-Do as the national martial art of Korea.

251

Members of good will mission of Taekwon-

Do, the national martial art of Korea.

This was the basis not only for establishing Taekwon-Do Associations in these

countries but also the formation of the International Taekwon-Do Federation

as it is known today. In 1966 the dream of the sickly young student of

calligraphy, who rose to ambassador and the association president of the most

respected martial art in the world, came true. On 22nd of March, the

International Taekwon-Do Federation was formed with associations in

Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore, West Germany, the United States, Turkey, Italy,

the United Arab Republic, and Korea.

Activation Day of the International

Taekwon-Do Federation. 22nd March

1966.

252

In 1967, the father of Taekwon-Do received the first Class Distinguished

Service medal from the Government of Vietnam and he helped to form the

Korea-Vietnam Taekwon-Do Foundation, presided by Gen. Tran Van Dong

That same year the Hong Kong Taekwon-Do Association was formed. In

August, Choi visited the All American Taekwon-Do tournament held in

Chicago, Illinois, where he discussed expansion, unification, and the policy of

the United States Taekwon-Do Association with leading instructors. This visit

led to the formal establishment of the U.S. Taekwon-Do Association in

Washington, D.C. on November 26, 1967

During this visit, Choi also met

with Robert Walson, fourth

degree black belt and one of the

foremost American authorities on

Taekwon-Do, to lay the ground-

work for a new edition of a book

on Taekwon-Do.

In late 1967, the author invited

Master Oyama to the 1.Т.Р.

Headquarters in Seoul to continue

the discussion they had earlier at

Hakone, Japan, whereby Master

Oyama would eventually change

his techniques to that of

Taekwon-Do.

Mr. Oyama’s visit to Г.Е. 1967.

Gen. Choi posed with Gen.

Tran Van Dong in 1967.

253

In that same year, the President of the |.T.F. selected five instructors from

the Armed Forces for Taiwan, at the request of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-

Shek. This request was channeled through General Chung И Kwon, then the

Prime Minister of South Korea.

In 1968, the author visited France, as the chief delegate of the Korean

Government, to attend the Consul International Sports Military Symposium

held in Paris. Taekwon-Do was a major topic on the agenda. Delegates from 32

countries witnessed demonstrations of Taekwon-Do by a team of experts. That

same year, the United Kingdom Taekwon-Do Association was formed and the

author visited Spain, the Netherlands, Canada, Belgium and India with the

hope of spreading Taekwon-Do.

When Choi returned to Korea he was presented with the first Sports

Research Award from the Republic of Korea for his dedicated work on behalf of

the Korean martial art.

The first instructor's group

to Taiwan in 1967.

CISM Symposium in Paris in 1968.

254

In 1969, Choi toured Southeast Asia to personally investigate the

preparations of each country for the First Asian Taekwon-Do Tournament that

was held in September in Hong Kong. Immediately after the tournament, the

author undertook a worldwide tour of twenty-nine countries to visit instructors

and gather photographs for the first edition of his previous book “Taekwon-

August 1970, the author left for a tour of twenty countries throughout

Southeast Asia, Canada, Europe and the Middle East. Choi, of course, held

seminars for international instructors every place he went and helped spread

and weld the International Taekwon-Do Federation into a cohesive force.

Gen. Choi is welcomed by thousands of

Taekwon-Do students at Saigon Airport,

Vietnam in 1969.

WELCOME |

GENERAL CHO}

WHER

Gen. Choi gives an address to Taekwon-Do

students in Malaysia in 1969.

Various seminars conducted by the

Author.

255

March 1971, Choi attended the Second Asian Taekwon-Do Tournament,

held at Stadium Negara in Malaysia, which was opened with the declaration of

Tun Abdul Rhajak, the Prime Minister and closed with the presence of their

Majesties.

His Majesty presents awards

to the winners in 1971.

Also in this year, the Author

was asked by Gen. Kim Jong

Hyun, head of the Army Martial

Art department, to selected

qualified instructors for the

Republic of Iran Armed Forces.

The world tour in 1972 was

quite retrospective in that Choi

had an opportunity to introduce

Taekwon-Do to those heads of

State of Bolivia, Dominica, Haiti

and Guatemala respectively.

During these travels, the author

has been especially interested in

promoting Taekwon-Do among

the youth of the world. The

President of the International

Taekwon-Do Federation has been

instrumental in introducing the art

to numerous universities т

Europe, America, the Middle East,

and the Far East.

The first instructors group

to Rep. Iran in 1971.

In this year, Choi moved the headquarters of International Taekwon-Do

Federation, with the unanimous consent of member countries, to Toronto,

Canada, envisaging to spread this art eventually to the countries of Eastern

Europe, according to the milestone he set up years before.

256

Gen, Choi pays а call to the President of the

Dominican Republic in 1972

Gen. Choi presents an honorary degree

certificate to the President of Haiti in 1972.

Gen. Choi chats with the President of

Bolivia in 1972.

257

During the months of November and December 1973, General Choi and а

specially selected |.T.F. demonstration team, consisting of Kong Young ||, Park

Jong Soo, Rhee Ki Ha, Park Sun Jae and Choi Chang Keun, all 7th degree

black belts, toured Europe, Middle East, Africa and Far East. A total of 23

countries were visited and new I.T.F. branches established in 5 of these

countries. The tour was an overwhelming success with a total of more than

100,000 people watching the demonstrations. At each stop, General Choi and

the Demonstration team were hosted by ranking representatives of the local

governments.

1974 was indeed an exuberant and long remembered year for Choi,

because the founder of Taekwon-Do was not only able to proudly present the

superiority of techniques as well as the competition rules of this art, but also to

International Taekwon-Do demonstration

team to Europe, Africa and Middle East

countries in 1973.

LT.F. Demonstration team to Central

America in 1974.

bring his dream into reality by holding the first World Taekwon-Do

Championship in Montreal.

November and December of this same year, he led the 4th In-

ternational Taekwon-Do demonstration team, consisting of 10 of the

world’s top instructors, to Jamaica, Curacao, Costa Rica, Colombia,

Venezuela and Surinam.

In 1975, Taekwon-Do alone had the privilege to demonstrate at the

Sydney opera house for the first time since its opening. General Choi visited

Greece and Sweden to conduct seminars later in this year.

In the middle of 1976 he toured Iran, Malaysia, Indonesia and Europe to

inspect Taekwon-Do activities, giving seminars at the same time. November of

the same year, Choi went to Holland to declare the opening of the First

European Taekwon-Do Championship held in Amsterdam.

September 1977, the founder of Taekwon-Do visited Malaysia, New

Zealand and Australia following the Tokyo meeting in which he publicly

denounced the South Korean President Park Jung Hee who had been using

Taekwon-Do for his political ends. Later that year he visited Sweden and

Denmark to aid in the formation of their National Associations of Taekwon-Do.

In May 1978, General Choi toured Malaysia, Pakistan, Kenya and South

Africa accompanied by Rhee Ki Ha. In this year he led the 5th International

Taekwon-Do Demonstration Team consisting of Choi Chang Keun. Rhee Ki

Ha, Park Jung Tae and Liong Wai Meng to Sweden, Poland, Hungary and

Yugoslavia.

LT.F, Demonstration Team

to East Europe.

In June 1979, the All Europe Taekwon-Do Federation was formed in Oslo,

Norway. After this historic event General Choi toured Sweden, Denmark, West

Germany, France and Greenland accompanied by Khang Su Jong and Rhee Ki

Ha. In November of that year he led the 6th International Taekwon-Do

demonstration team consisting of Kim Jong Chan, Choi Chang Keun, Rhee Ki

Ha, Park Jung Tae, Lee Jong Moon, Chung Kwang Duk, Kim Suk Jun and

Michael Cormack to Argentina.

International Taekwon-Do Demonstration

team in 1979.

The year 1980 was indeed an unforgetable one for the father of Taekwon-

Do, both for himself and the future of his art. He and 15 of his students,

including his son Choi Joong Hwa, made a monumental trip to the Democratic

People’s Republic of Korea.

This was the first time Taekwon-Do was introduced to the people of North

Korea, Choi's birth place.

In November of this same year, the first All Europe Taekwon-Do

Championship was held in London with 18 countries participating.

In January 1981, Gen. Choi made a visit to Queensland, Australia,

accompanied by Choi Chang Keun, to declare, open the first Pacific Area

Taekwon-Do Championship. At this time he helped to form the South Pacific

Taekwon-Do Federation as well the Australia Taekwon-Do Federation.

260

The 7th International Taekwon-Do Demonstration Team in 1980.

In June of the same year, the author led the 8th International Taekwon-Do

Demonstration Team to Tokyo, Japan. In October, he conducted a seminar for

the founding members of Taekwon-Do in the Democratic People’s Republic of

Korea, and in November he proudly presented the unified Taekwon-Do

demonstration team consisting of North and South Korean instructors to the

historic meeting called North and Overseas Korea Christian Leaders, held in

Vienna, Austria.

In January 1982 the President of International Taekwon-Do. Federation

formed the North America Taekwon-Do Federation, in Toronto Canada.

In this year, the author was finally able to realize his long anticipated

dream (since 1967) when a Taekwon-Do gym opened for the first time in

Japan. It was indeed a very busy year for the President in that he visited Puerto

Rico in July accompanied by Master Park Jung Tae, to conduct seminars.

The founding members of Taekwon-Do

in DPRK in 1981.

President Choi announces the formation of

the North America Tackwon-Do Federation

in 1982.

During the months of October and November he toured Greenland, the

United Kingdom, West Germany, Austria, Denmark, Poland, Hungary,

Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia and Finland, accompanied by Master Han Sam

Soo and Park Jung Taek to promote Taekwon-Do. He also attended the first

Intercontinental Taekwon-Do Championships held in Quebec, Canada in

November and the Second All Europe Taekwon-Do Championships held in

December in Naples, Italy.

In January 1983, General Choi made a visit to Colorado, U.S.A.

accompanied by Master Lee Suk Hi, the President of North America Taekwon-

Do Federation, to grade Charles E. Sereff, the President of U.S. Taekwon-Do

Federation, for 7th degree.

During the months of March, April and May he toured Santa Barbara,

California, Europe and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea to conduct

last minute preparation of this edition, the last product of his life-long research.

A meeting with Mr. Csanadi, Chairman

of Programming Committee of L.0.C. to

discuss the recognition of 1.1.F. by the

1.0.С. in 1982.

262

The Second All Europe Taekwon-Do

Championship in 1982.

In October, the author declared open the 4th World Taekwon-Do

Championship held in Birmingham, Great Britain.

It is hoped that all instructors will follow his example by devoting part of

their time towards introducing the art into the school systems in their

respective areas.

Merely introducing the art, however, is not enough. The instructor must

also concern himself with imbuing and maintaining a positive influence that

will eventually serve as a guiding light to all students. Then, and only then, can

the instructor consider himself an apostle of Taekwon-Do.

Park Sung Hwa Gen. Choi Duk Shin

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265

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266

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France

Greece

Greenland

269

—

270

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271

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276

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Spain

Surinam

279

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Thailand

Venezuela

Vietnam

Yugoslavia

282

INDEX

about the author... .. 2... . 241-263

advantages of Taekwon-Do... .. 76-78

charter of Taekwon-Do ....... 12, 13

competition (Ayongi)....... 128-136

rules for competition ...... 130-136

д ise ssecie eres 138-140

composition of Taekwon-Do (Taekwon-Do

CODING) РУСЛЕ 236-238

courtesy [уе м!)....... зака | |

definition of Таекмюоп-Оо....., 21-23

degree, criteria for. : 94,95

significance of...........- 94,95

demonstration (5/6ит)...... 141-161

breaking techniques, .... . . 145,146

[1 Пт т ОИС 143

special techniques... ..... . 147-151

о 5: ozervcreecapcarsawavereiesers 77

О ИК 239

6 —

gtade, criteria for ......... ; 93 Op ОКЕ 264.282

history of Taekwon-Do... ..... 38-43

indomitable spirit

(baekjul boolgool) .......... 17

instructor (5а bum) classification of .123

ideals 7 oe OF

integrity (yom chi) т . 15,16

J ———— K L M

АЛОР 26

membership са4........... 240

топа! effect......... 73-75

moral culture (jungshin sooyang) 45-67

basic nates sa Gas bias 47

COM ShOWOR овен 65

ры ОА 59

80570067068. еее коь 56

etiquette (ye jol) . 66,67

Ц УИ 58,59

MUG: Gee 54 Баия 56

greed .. 52

NAPPING ось 57

humanity (22).......... 47,48

о ssi HCI 53

FUROR ПР 55

mountain climbing (dung san) 64

peace of mind.......... 58

positions ofman........ 51,52

propriety (ye)... ccc we 50

Public service (sahwae bongse) 66

ЕВРО: ое а 54,55

помеоцзпез$ (и!/)........ 50

А С 53, 54

ВО оороееыха 54

teach Бу actions....... 57

travel (yohaeng) : 63

Het (Oia) кая 51

virtue (док)......... 47

wisdom (ji)... - . 51

N о —

origins and development

of martial arts + . 28-37 Р

pattern application of. . . 183-193

perseverence (in nae) TAS [|

philosophy of Taekwon-Do -. . 88,89

physical fitness ............ 69-72

pin, International Taekwon-Do Federation

identification рт ........... 240

popularity of Taekwon-Do... ..... 76

а В

rank, system of (dan дир jedo) 91,92

recognition plague ... Weve)

self control (дик gi) sees IB self-defence techniques (hosin sool) . . . . . 228-235 sparring (matsogi)......... 161-227 model sparring (mobum matsogi)......... 164.181 pre arranged free sparring (yaksok jayu matsogi) ...... 195-227

student и instructor

relationship (saje jigo)...... - 81-85

instructor (5а бит)... 82,83

student (jeja) .... 84

T Taekwon-Do and imitators, . . . . - 10,11 song of Taekwon-Do (Taekwon-Do погае)........- 18,19 Ct Se a ae EORTC I Te +97 {GRO UGIINORE ко рааиыкае 77 а Se SPREE 14, 15, 16,17 с. ОИ 96-109 training schedule (sooryon gehoek pyo) ..... . 110,111 lesson plan ...... ... 115-119

master program. _. 112-114

mass training schedule -120-122

Waining secrets ..... re 80 SS

umpire, classification of ..... . . .124

У м — x У. 2

SYNOPSIS

The Encyclopedia of Taekwon-Do consists of 15 volumes.

The contents of each volume is listed below:

VOLUME 1:

VOLUME II:

VOLUME III:

VOLUME IV:

VOLUME V:

VOLUME VI:

1) Origin and Development of Martial Arts

2) History of Taekwon-Do

3) Moral Culture

4) Philosophy

5) Training Schedule

6) Cycle and Composition of Taekwon-Do

7) Demonstration

A) Model Sparring B) Pre-arranged Free Sparring C) Sample of Self-defence Techniques

8) About the Author

9) Group photos

1) Theory of Power

2) Attacking and Blocking Tools

3) Vital Sports

4) Training

A) Training Hall

B) Conduct in Do Jang

C) Training Equipment

D) Practice Suits

5) Stances

6) Training Aids

Hand Techniques

Foot Techniques

Sparring

Fundamental Exercises (A)

285

VOLUME VII:

VOLUME VIII:

VOLUME Ix:

VOLUME xX:

VOLUME XI:

VOLUME ХИ:

VOLUME XIII:

VOLUME XIV:

VOLUME XV:

Fundamental Exercises (B)

1) Four-Direction Punch

2) Four-Direction Block

3) Pattern Chon-Ji

4) Pattern Dan-Gun 5) Pattern Do-San

1) Pattern Won-Hyo

2) Pattern Yul-Guk

3) Pattern Joong-Gun

1) Pattern Toi-Gae 2) Four-Direction Thrust

3) Pattern Hwa-Rang

4) Pattern Choong-Moo

1) Pattern Gwang-Gae

2) Pattern Po-Eun

3) Pattern Ge-Baek

1) Pattern Eui-Am

2) Pattern Choong-Jang

3) Pattern JUCHE

1) Pattern Sam-ll

2) Pattern Yoo-Sin

3) Pattern Choi-Yong

1) Pattern Yon-Gae

2) Pattern UI-Ji

3) Pattern Moon-Moo

1) Pattern So-San

2) Pattern Se-Jong

3) Pattern Tong-l!